BIOL 1104 UlrichExam # 1 Study Guide LecturesLecture 1Three assumptions of science- Natural causalityo All things arise from natural causes- Uniformityo Scientific laws are the same through time and space- Common perception among all peopleo People perceive and measure things objectively- These CANNOT be proven.Theory: highly validated, generalized explanation for a phenomenon (generalized)Hypothesis: thought supported by an observation about a specific systemScientific method- Observation- Question- Hypothesis- Prediction- Experiments- Observation- Conclusion- If observations don’t match hypothesis, reform hypothesisLecture 2Evolution: any genetic change in a population- Genetic change is a shift in gene frequency in a population- It only occurs in populations, not individuals- It doesn’t mean progress or adaptationFossil record- Preserved organisms- IncompleteTraits- Homologous trait-shared origin- Analogous trait- different origin, same functionDevelopment- All embryos develop in similar ways DNA- More closely related organisms have more similar DNA than distant relativesExperiments- Artificial selection with cattle and dogs- Development of resistancesLecture 34 mechanisms of evolution- Mutationo Random change in DNA due to copy error or damage repair- Natural selectiono Individuals with more advantageous trait have more offspringo 4 postulates A trait varies Trait must be heritable Only some individuals reproduce Differential reproductive successo Fitness: reproductive success relative to other individuals in a population- Genetic drifto Random change in gene frequencyo Reduces diversityo Happens in small populations- Gene flowo Movement of genes between populationsSpecies: interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductivelyisolated from other groupsAllopatric speciation: population gets physically separated then natural selection drives them differently until they become 2 different speciesLecture 4Community: all interacting populations in an ecosystemEcology: study of interactions among organisms and with the environmentBiotic is living; abiotic is nonlivingInteractions- Competition-bad for both- Predator/prey-good for one, bad for other- Parasitism- good for one, bad for other- Mutualism-good for both- Commensalism-good for one, neutral for otherCompetition: sharing a limited resource, reduces fitnessPrinciple of competitive exclusion: one party will end up losing completelyPhotosynthesis: origin of energy, comes from plants- Turns carbon dioxide and light energy into oxygen and glucoseTrophism- Trophic levels: feeding level- Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumerCarbon cycle- Atmosphere, oceans, fossil fuels- Co2 increases amount of heat in atmosphere- Causes increased temperature and acidification of oceanso This leads to loss of habitat, extinction, and