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UH BIOL 1344 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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BIOL 1344Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 17Lecture 10 Endocrine System: creates and transports hormones through the blood stream to target cells. Uses action potentials and graded potentials for electrical signals.Action Potentials: 1. Self-generating2. Short duration 3. The energy doesn’t fade with time and distance4. Uses depolarization (inside of a cell becomes more positive)5. Excitable cells – neurons and musclesGraded Potentials:1. Not self-generating2. Energy fades with time and distance3. Uses hyperpolarizing (inside of a cell becomes more negative)4. Several different types of cells including neurons and musclesChemical Signals:1. Slower generation and travel time through tissues2. Responses last much longer, minutes to days3. Chemical cells generate and terminate signalsLigand = general name for anything that binds with a receptor, includes neurotransmitters, toxins, etc. Once ligands bind with a receptor there will be a response in the body. 1. Neurotransmitters come from neurons and include 50-60 chemicals. These neurotransmitters can be chemicals, amino acids, and gases. Examples are acetylcholine,epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, glycine, glutamic acid, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and ATP. 2. Neuro-hormones are also secreted from neurons in the hypothalamus. These include ADH and oxytocin.3. Hormones come from cells in different glands or tissues. They are released into the blood circulation from secretory cells and they travel to a target tissue which will respond to the hormone. Some hormones can control their own secretion through a feedback system.Functions of the endocrine system:1. Homeostasis- ADH and aldosterone control levels of water, electrolytes, and minerals in the body2. Reproduction – From the hypothalamus and pituitary glands, follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)3. Growth and Metabolism – somatotropin (growth hormone)4. Metabolism – need balance of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas, T3 and T4 from the thyroid, controls BMR. Cholecystokinin (CCK) aids digestion and emulsification of fats. Ghrelin from the stomach increases appetite. Lecture 11Endocrine Glands 1. Hypothalamus: synthesizes ADH and oxytocin, thryotropin release hormone (TRH), gonadotropin release hormone (GRH), corticotropin release hormone 2. Epithalamus: releases melatonin through the pineal gland 3. Hypophysis / Pituitary: The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) synthesizes and releases 7 hormones. a. Prolactin: milk secretionb. Somatotropin: physical growthc. Thyrotropin/ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)d. Corticotropin/ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTHe. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): gonadotropinf. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): gonadotroping. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones (MSH): melanocytes which synthesis melanin The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) synthesizes and releases 2 hormones.a. ADH: water reabsorptionb. Oxytocin: a bonding hormone4. Thyroid: T3 (tri-iodo-thyronine) and T4 (tetra-iodo-thyronine) - calorigenic and control heat production and BMR control. They are also important in mental, gonadal, and physical development. The thyroid also releases calcitonin which turns blood calcium into bone calcium. 5. Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone (PTH) - turns bone calcium into blood calcium 6. Adrenals: adrenal cortex releases cortisol (an anti-inflammatory), aldosterone (controls sodium retention), and DHEA (testosterone). The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.7. Pancreas: beta cells release insulin. Alpha-cells release glucagon.8. Other glands in the body include the testes, ovaries, skin liver, kidneys, thymus, and heart.Lecture 12Classification of Hormones - Proteins: made up of amino acids- Steroids: cholesterol precursor, androgens, estrogens- Amines: adrenal medullary hormones- Prostaglandins: subclass of eicosanoids, long chain fatty acids which have 20 carbon atoms, they sense pain and create fever (pyrexia). PGA2 creates thromboxane A2 which leads to vasoconstriction and blood clotting. PGI2 prevents clotting through protaudin. PGF alpha 2 is responsible for changes in clood pressure. PGE2 leads to uterine contractionsHormone Receptors: - Protein hormones: lipophobic (hydrophobic), they cannot enter cells therefore they are cell membrane or surface receptors- Steroid hormones (also T3 and T4): hydrophobic (lipophilic), they act via genes and bind to cytosolic/nuclear receptors. Once it bonds to DNA, it transcripts for mRNA then translates to create a protein.- Membrane receptors: There are ion channels, enzyme linked receptors, and G-protein coupled receptorsLecture 13Hypothalamus sends releasing or inhibiting factors to the pituitary gland through direct blood vessels. These factors are:- Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) – prolactin is lactogenic, it stimulates milk production in the mammary glands - Somatotropin Release Inhibiting Factor (SRIF) and Growth Hormone Release Hormone- Thyrotropin Release Factor (TRF) – this is the smallest hormone, only 3 amino acids. It releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) – controls metabolic rate- Corticotropin Release Factor (CRF) – this releases adrenocortical tropin hormone (ACTH) also known as corticotropin which stimulate the adrenal cortex to make cortisol aldosterone (DHEA) which is needed in stressful situations- Gonadotropin Release Factor (GRF) – releases gonadotropins FSH and LH - MSH Release Factor and Inhibiting Factor – releases melanotropin (MSH) Thyroid - largest purely endocrine gland in the body, highly vascular, located in front of the trachea, and has thyroid follicles which are filled with colloid, or thyroglobulin. Between these follicles are parafollicular cells (C-cells), if the number of these cells increase too much, it causesa goiter which is a visible swelling of an endocrine gland.T3/T4 are calorigenic hormones released from the thyroid, control BMR (base amount of kcals burned which averages around 39kcals/hr/square meter of body surface) If there is too great of an increase of these hormones this can cause hyperthyroidism. This means the thyroid is too active causing the body to be warm, have high blood pressure, tachycardia, and hyperglycemia. An example of this is Grave’s Disease. If there is not enough thyroid hormones this can result in hypothyroidism which causes the sufferer to be lethargic and susceptible to being cold. Lecture 14Parathyroid hormones control


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UH BIOL 1344 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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