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UWL MIC 230 - Transcription and Translation

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MIC 230 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Advantages/disadvantages of bacterial genetics II. Significant discoveriesIII. Concepts/definitionsIV. Structure of DNA/RNAa. Central DogmaOutline of Current Lecture V. DNA replicationVI. Transcription VII. Translationa. RegulationCurrent LectureVI. DNA replication-Semiconservative-Origin siteorigin of replication starting point-Requires: template: DNA (1 strand)Building blocks: deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs)EnzymesDNA polymerase: adds dNTPs to 3’ OH-Helicaseunwinds DNA-DNA ligaseattaches 3’ OH  5’ PO4 to close “holes” in DNA1 piece of DNAVII.Transcription (synthesis of RNA)Template: DNA (1 strand)Building blocks: ribonucleotides (NTPs)Enzyme=RNA polymerase4 subunits3 form core polymerasemakes RNASigma subunitrecognizes a promoter (determines what gets transcribed/expressed)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Many different subunits (sigma factors)Prokaryotes often have operons-Set of genes under control of 1 promoterVIII. Translation Template: mRNA contain the codon information because in sets of 3 have a reading frame start at right point for sets of 3 to be correctWorkers: tRNA-Ribosomal RNA  transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome, has anticodon- binds to codon and has an amino acid attached that matches codon-Ribosome (factory)Process: 1. Initiation -Assembly of 2 subunits of the ribosome -Initiator tRNA -Initiation factors -All around the mRNA -Ribosome binding site 2. Elongation Ribosomes have 3 sitesA siteacceptor site where tRNA entersP site peptide site w/growing a.a. chain-A and P have peptide bonds form between 2 a.a. in those sites E site exit site where tRNA leaves 3. Termination releasecomes to stop codon release polypeptide 4. Polypeptide processing needs to fold properly-Some spontaneously fold on own-Some needs chaperone proteins (chaperonins) to assist in folding so are active-Some need to be transported to specific area first then processedIX. Regulation  occurs at 3 different levels1. Level of activityproteins are made but can be turned on and off2. Level of translationmRNA is made but not the protein3. Level of transcriptionis the DNA transcribed or not sigma factorsdetermine what is transcribed I. Bacterial genetic variability due to a. Mutationb. Gene exchange II. Mutationsa. Definitions:1. Mutationchange in base or bases in the DNA sequenceChange in genotype2. Mutants an organism w a mutation3. Wild type original organism without the mutation 4. Mutagensan agent that causes a


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