PSY 320 1st EditionExam # 2 StudyGuidePSY 320, Section 2Content covered in this exam:Mood Disorders (Depression, Bipolar Disorder), Suicide, Thought Disorders (Schizophrenia), Autism Spectrum Disorders, Asperger’s syndrome, ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Alzheimer’s disease1. Recognize and understand the DSM 5 criteria for Major Depressive Disorder-Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day-Markedly diminished interest or pleasure overall-Significant weight loss or weight gain (increase or decrease in appetite)-Insomnia or hypersomnia-Fatigue or loss of energy-Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt-Diminished ability to think or concentrate-Recurrent thoughts of death2. Know the definitions:a. Anhedonia- The inability to experience pleasure. Negative symptom of schizophrenia.b. Euthymia- An extremely happy mood. Often used on the metal status exam. c. Mania- mood of an abnormally elevated arousal level. When someone experiences bipolar disorder, they experience both depression and mania.d. Hypomania- High energy states that are associated with poor judgement and impulse control.e. Hallucinations- Sensory experiences that can involve any of the senses and that are at odds with the individuals current environment.f. Delusions- beliefs without support for their occurrences and which are at odds with an individuals current environment. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Persecution: the delusion that other people or groups such as the CIA are plotting against that individuate.2. Grandeur: The delusion that one is very famous.3. Control: The delusion that a person or group such as aliens is putting thoughts in one's mind. A similar delusion is thinking others hear and understand one's own thoughts.4. A common delusion: Someone very special and that god or important person is speaking directly to them. g. Catatonia- Motor symptoms ranking from repetitive behaviors like rocking to total stiffness or lack of change in posture. The DSM 5 does not recognize it as a separate disorder but it is often associated with disorders such as schizophrenia.h. Grandiosity- An unrealistic sense of superiority, leads them to view others as inferior. Commonly features symptoms of mania and hypomania.i. Alogia- Lack of interest in talking with others or answering questions with more then one- or two-word answers. Negative symptom of schizophrenia.j. Word Salad- Speech is incoherent and contains a stream of words that are unrelated to one another.k. Clang Associations- The grouping of words based on their sounds, generally rhyming or partially rhyming words, without necessarily any logical reasoning. Often a symptom of manic depression.l. Theory of Mind- The study of one's ability to understand one's own or another persons mental state. Delays in this development relate to children with autism spectrum disorder. A common test is the cereal box test. When a child is shown a cereal box and is asked what is inside, most likely they would say cereal, however the tester pulls out ribbons, the child would no longer say it contains cereal. Then he is asked what their friends would say if they were asked whats inside the cereal. A child with autism may sayribbons, because they are unable to understand that what someone else knows may be different from what they know.m. Stereotypical behaviors (in autism)1. Social Interaction: Lack of connecting with other children or adults. Little eye contact and ignoring others, they seem more interested in other things around them.2. Communication: Do not use the usual give-and-take in a normal conversations.3. Behavioral process: the desire to engage in the same stereotypical behaviors in a repetitive process. n. Savant- 10% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder have special abilities in terms of music, art, calculation, or memory. More males show this than females. It appears that in this, sensory and perceptual areas of the brain are overrepresented in terms of the cortical process. There is emphasis on detail and lack of emotion and social processing.o. Delirium- A short term state of confusion characterized by a change in cognitive processing such as the inability to focus attention or problems with language, memory, or orientation.p. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques-The tangles are found within the neuron and the core protein is tau.-The plaques are extracellular deposits and the core protein is beta amyloid. These two factors are the hallmark of Alzheimer.a. APOE gene- Late onset of Alzheimer’s has been consistently associated with an allele on the APOE gene.-1 APOE4- increased risk that is about 2 to 3 times more than an individual without.-2 APOE4- increased risk in between 7 and 15 times more likely. -APOE2- longer life without Alzheimer's.2. Know who Aaron Beck is – and what he contributed to our understanding and assessment of DEPRESSION -Cognitive Model of Depression: individuals with depression display a basis in the way they search and process information. Suggests that adverse events that take place early in life can lead to the development of depressive schemas.-Negative Cognitive Triad: three negative schemas:1.The self- unpleasant experiences in the world are attributed to his/her own mental, physical, and moral defects.2. The personal world- tailor facts so that they fit into the negative schema.3. The future- only containing hardship and failure.Ex. I'm no good, the world is no good, nothing good will ever happen.1. How common is Major Depressive Disorder?-It's the most common diagnosed mental disorder among adults. 13 million adults in America experience it in the proceeding 12 months.2. Who is at highest risk of Major Depressive Disorder?-Adult females. Environment plays into this as well.3. Who is at highest risk of suicide?Special risk: Elderly and middle aged white/native american men. Suicide attempts for women are more, but men have higher rate because they use more lethal methods.4. Are suicide rates declining or rising?Suicide rates in the US are rising. In 2011 there was 39,000 deaths from suicide and there is 1 death every 13 minutes.5. What are the warning signs of suicide, including one often-overlooked warning sign that sometimes occurs just before suicide?-Disruptive sleeping patterns (too much, too little)-Rage, arousal, increasing drug/alcohol use-Isolation-Loss in