PY 371 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Social Role theoryOutline of Current Lecture II. languageIII. qualifiers of sex differenceIV. nonverbal behaviorV. experience of emotionCurrent LectureLanguage- sex differences in language most apparent when interacting with the same sex- men’s language more direct, succinct, and instrumental- women’s language more indirect, elaborative, affective- sex differences in the amount of talking and the specific features of languageo minimal response (uh-huh, yeah)Qualifiers of Sex Difference- sex and familiarity of interactional partner(s)o language is more similar in mixed sex dyads- status difference among adults- topic and length of conversation- nature of topic and sex of partner interact to influence language- sex differences reduced when gender is a less salient feature of interaction- culture-specific socialization practicesNonverbal Behavior- meta-analyses reveal large differences in nonverbal behavioro especially smiling and decoding (Hall, 2006)- early meta-analysis (2000)o women do more smiling, gazing, and convey emotions better, read others emotions more accurately, stand closer, and touch otherso men show more expansive movements, take up spaceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- sex of interactional partner is an important qualifier- sexual orientation of dyads also matters Smiling- females smile more than maleso largest difference among adolescents- different types of smiles (genuine, fake)- situational variables become important:o sex difference apparent in settingo larger difference when people know they are being observedo cross-cultural variationo correlated with personality variables more than sexGazing- thought to convey interest and attentiono women gaze more than men in friendly context- gaze can convey status- cross-cultural differences in meaning of gazing, extent of sex differenceInterpersonal Sensitivity (decoding)- refers to correct interpretation of others behaviors and emotions- females outperform maleso generalizes across cultureso holds for all age groupso sex of target does not make a difference o stronger for nonverbal facial behavior than body movements or auditory cueso more accurate recall of information about other people - except to female advantage: deceptionEncoding- refers to ability to convey won emotions accurately - females do better at encoding than males- emotional expressiveness ventral to female gender role- sex difference larger when judging facial expressions than vocal cuesTouching- findings about sex differences in touch vary- touch has different meanings (status, intimacy)- qualifiers of sex differences in touch:o nature of the toucho contexto sex and age composition of dyado relationship between the people- sports context: men touch moreLeadership and Influence Ability- in general, research shows men more influential and more likely to emerge as leaders than womenEmotion- stereotype that women more emotional but research finding are not consistent- three sources of informationo experience of emotionso nonverbal expression of emotionso physiologicalExperience of Emotion- some claim universal set of emotional experiences (Ekman, 1992)- retrospective measures show women report more emotion than meno could reflect women encoding more detail and complexity in emotional events- online measures tend to show no difference- cross-cultural datao no sex difference in powerful emotionso women report more powerless emotions- sex differences depend on different emotions- women are more likely than men to experience the majority of emotionso exception: anger more men- femininity, communion, androgyny associated with more emotional