PSY 204 1st EditionExam # 1 StudyGuideIntroduction Lecture 1: Orientation to Course (September 2)DSM-5 Diagnostic Categories (What you will learn in the semester) - Neurodevelopmental disorders- Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic disorders- Bipolar I and II- Depressive disorders- Anxiety disorders- Obsessive-Compulsive and other related disorders- Trauma and stressor related disorders- Dissociative disorders- Somatic symptom and related disorders- Feeding and eating disorders- Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders- Substance-related and addictive disorders- Neurocognitive disorders- Personality disordersLecture 2: Looking at Abnormality (September 4)- What is (ab)normal?o- Why is it important to define (ab)normal?o People may be suffering and we can helpo Help people who are typical have a definition (normalizing)o Give people power to understand what is going on- Continuum Model of Abnormalityo Problems in thoughts, feelings, and behavior vary from normal to abnormalo There is no clear dividing line that exists between normal and abnormal- Psychopathologyo The study of abnormal psychology that includes people who suffer from mental pain, physical pain, and/or emotional pain. - Cultural Normso Cultures have strong norms for what is considered acceptableo Gender Roles- Cultural Relativismo There is no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal Behaviors are labeled abnormal relative to cultural norms- Culture and gender influenceo Ways people express symptoms of abnormalityo People’s willingness to admit to certain types of behaviors or feelingso Types of treatments deemed acceptable or helpful for people exhibiting abnormal behaviors- The four D’s of abnormality o Dysfunction: interferes with a person’s ability to function in daily lifeo Distress: causes emotional or physical paino Deviance: leads to judgments of abnormalityo Dangerousness: behaviors and feelings that are of potential harm- Biological Theorieso Abnormal behavior is similar to physical diseases and is caused by the breakdown of systems in the body- Supernatural theorieso Abnormal behavior is a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin- Psychological theorieso Abnormal behavior is a result of traumas or of chronic stress- Ancient Theorieso Prehistoric: exorcism  Trephination: sections of the skull are drilled or cut away to allow evil spirits to go out of the bodyo Ancient China: Balancing Yin and Yang and emotions controlled by internal organso Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome: biological theories dominated; hysteria; disease resultfrom imbalances in body’s essential humorso 18th and 19th centuries: mental hygiene movement; moral treatment to patients- Biological Perspectiveso Wilhelm Griesinger-psychological disorders can be explained in terms of brain pathologyo Kraepelin- developed a scheme for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is followed even todayo Discovery of the cause of general paresis (disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death) - Psychoanalytical perspectiveso Mesmerism: applying animal magnetism to cure disturbed magnetism in a patient’s bodyo Psychoanalysis: study of the unconscious- Modern Perspectiveso Behaviorism:  Classical Conditioning: conditioning response in the presence of a stimuli Behaviorism: study of the role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavioro Cognitive approach Cognitions: thought processes that influence behavior and emotion Self-Efficacy beliefs: people’s beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors to control important events- Deinstitutionalizationo Patients’ rights movement: mental patients recover better or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the communityo Community Mental Health Movemento Halfway houseso Day treatment centers- Professions within abnormal psychologyo Psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, marriage and family therapists, clinical social workers, licensed mental health counselors, psychiatric nursesLecture 3, 4, and 5: Theories and Treatment of Abnormality (September 9, September 11, and September 16)- Steven Hayeso Theory: set of ideas that provides a framework for questioning, gathering, and interpreting information about a phenomenono Therapy: Treatment that addresses factors that theory says cause the phenonmenon- Biopsychosocialo Combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors that results in the development of psychological problems Referred to as risk factors because they increase the risk of psychological problems- Biological risk factors—genetic dispositions- Trans diagnostic risk factors—increases the risk of multiple types of psychological factor- Diathesis Stress ModelDiathesis StressBiological Genes; brain abnormalitiesOnset of a diseaseDisorderSociocultural Chronic stress Traumatic eventPsychological Unconscious conflicts Perceived loss of control- Biological Causes of Abnormalityo Brian dysfunctiono Chemical imbalanceso Genetic abnormalitieso Biochemical imbalances- Biological Therapies/Treatments Help relieve psychological symptoms by improving the functioning of neurotransmitters Electroconvulsive therapy and newer brain stimulations Repetitive rTMS Deep brain stimulation Vagus nerve stimulationo Psychosurgery Used rarely and only with people who have severeo Drugs Antipsychotic: reduces symptoms of psychosis Antidepressants: reduces symptoms of depressions Lithium: reduces symptoms of mania Antianxiety: reduces symptoms of anxiety- Psychological approacheso Behavioral approaches Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Modeling and observational learning Behavior change techniques- Aversion therapy: makes the situation that was one reinforcing no longer reinforcing- Relaxation exercises: help individual voluntarily control physiological manifestations of anxiety- Distraction techniques: help individual temporarily distract from anxiety-producing situation- Flooding: exposure to the individual to the fear stimulus while preventing avoidant behavior- Systematic desensitization: pairs the implementation of relaxation techniques with hierarchical exposure to the aversive stimulus Assessing behavioral approaches- Set the standards for the scientifically testing hypothesis about how normal and abnormal behaviors developo Effectiveness has been extensively and