HIST 158 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 15Lecture 1 (August 21)Significant splits- “Fall of Rome” in 476o A clash of civilizationo The decline of the Roman Empire was actually a slow process that had many contributing factors External forces- Barbaric forces (called The Franks) brutally take over Internal forces- Religious, economic and political turmoilo Roman Empire splits Western Roman Empire: Rome Eastern Roman Empire: Constantinopleo German military leaders take over territories once the Roman Empire disintegrates  Power became personal as subjects swore allegiance to their leaders Feudalism was fundamental- Roman Catholic Church (West) v. Orthodox Church (East)o Great Schism of 1054- Christianity and Islamo Muslims (Arabic groups) invasions led to the split- Overall, the church becomes a powerful political forceo The Pope excommunicates the Emperor for naming bishops against his will and the Emperor is forced to formally apologizeo People become extremely religious and superstitiousLecture 2 (August 26) Society, economy and technological/scientific advances - Society and Economyo Three divisions: noble, clergy, peasants Fixed divisions that often caused tensionso Economy: long decline, revival starting in 11th centuryo Burghers- people living in the cities (often part of the middle class) People heard of the opportunities in the cities and moved Became a very attractive ideal: peasants were no longer bound to the land: “town air makes one free”- Cities grew and economy was stimulatedo Famines and The Black Plague 1347  Wiped out a third of European society- Science, Technology and Explorationo People thought they were living in “special times”o Major technical innovations The Printing Press 1435-1450- A collaborative invention: Glutenberg, Fust, Schoffer- China: block printing and paper- Flanders: ink- Germany: advanced metal and working skills- Global effectso Scholarship: accuracy, collaborative, accessibilityo Dissemination of ideas on a global scaleo New learned class in the cities… not only clergy had access to books and newspaperso Revolutionized the way people would read and write The New Warfare 1450-1500- Trebuchet- machine to project/throw stones- Gunpowder- to build cannons- Conquest of Constantinople 1453o Ottoman Turks could conquer city with German weaponry- “Proletarianization” of Waro Before this time, only nobles were trained to fight… now peasants could operate weapons tooo Initiated major social changes in regards to war No longer a Gentleman/Noble Sport Emerging national monarchies benefitted the most as they recruited men from the countryside to formarmiesLecture 3 (August 28) New Science- The Scientific Revolutiono Before this time the Medieval world was seen as finite and heterogeneous o Copernicus (1473-1543) a Polish scientist End of geocentrism (the Earth isn’t at the center of the universe, the sun is) Homogeneous universe (heavenly and earthly spheres didn’t have independent laws of physics) Rupture between observation and scientific evidence (principle of what you can’t see can still exist) Regardless of these advancements, Copernicus still believe the universe remained finite (this made his ideas more acceptable to the public)o Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) First to argue that the universe was infinite Because God is infinite, why wouldn’t the universe be? Bruno was eventually burned at the stake in 1592 because of his radical arguments and his questioning of religion o Galileo (1564-1642) Italian scientist Demonstrated that Copernicus was right Created the telescope Believed that:- God wants us to use our gifts in science- Scripture doesn’t account for many phenomenons and that’s where science steps in- Both the bible and science come from God- Discovery and Exploration of the worldo Cartography- the practice and study of making mapso Jerusalem was in the center of the mapo Ptolemy (an ancient geographer’s) geography rediscovered  Ptolemy encouraged readers to go beyond the confines of the history books they had read, explore and find new places to add to his mapsLecture 4 (September 2)Crises and humanism- Crises in the 14th Century Famine- starting in 1315 and continuing until 1322  unusually wet spring/summers followed by a harsh winters- Crops were destroyed and animals starved- Overall lack of food Plague- arrived in Europe in 1340s with Genoese galleys- Carried by Italian merchants from China- A third of Europe’s population was losto Age of Republics Emergence of new social classes with the new cities Popolo grasso- wealthy merchant and urbanized noble classes Decline and revival of the Italian economy- Central location between East and West Republicanism- elected council and assembly of the people. Served the interests of the leaders, not exactly a democracy. Popolo minuto- “small people”- Growing gap between popolo minute and popolo grasso- Humanism- “Humanism denotes an educational and cultural program based on the study of the classics and colored by the notion of human dignity.” –Grafton and Rice- Back to the classics (Virgil and Augustine)o Dante (1265-1331): “announced” the Renaissance, guelphs/gribbelines, exile, Divine Comedy, Virgil (who wrote the Iliad, in which Trojans fled and founded a new Rome)o Petrarch (1304-1374): “Ascent of Mont Ventoux”, known for his love poems and intense exploration of human personality and mind Augustine’s confessions (long path to Christianity)o Machiavelli (1469-1527): once exiled, he had time to devote to the classicso Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)- the first modern historian Through critical analysis, he proved that the Donation of Constantine was forgedLecture 5 (September 4)Education, virtue, the artso Education Humanist education- gives people freedom and dignity (studied history, language arts, humanities, social sciences, etc.)o Virtue No longer inherited, could be taught Greek and Latin Historic text offered concrete examples Belief that a single person could direct the course of history Focus on moral philosophy and physical educationo Philosophy: Dignity of Man Man had reason and free will Renaissance nobility was based on virtue- The Artso Characteristics of Renaissance Style Perspective Focus on human form