RELS 108 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture II. Problem of Evil ContinuedOutline of Current Lecture II. Spirituality & Morality/EthicsIII. Value TheoryIV. 2 Ethical PositionsV. Practical Justification: 3 CasesCurrent LectureSpirituality & Morality/Ethics- What is morality?o From Latin word “Moralis”= “Goodness”- Morality (sacred quest)- ways of thinking, feeling, & acting that address considerations of human welfare- Practical justification: reasons we give for certain actions- Philosophy (3 Branches)1. Metaphysics (aka ontology)  study of being; what it means to be or not to be.2. Epistemology  what does it mean to know something3. Ethics/Morality  the shouldness/oughtness of things; how things should be.- What does it mean to live a good life?o This question makes up value theory- What do people really want? Ataraxia or “inner peace.”Value Theory- 1st branch of ethics is value theory. What does it mean to live well?- 2nd branch of ethics is normative ethics. What should one do to live well?- 3rd branch of ethics is meta-ethics. What is goodness and how can we tell what is good and what is bad?2 Ethical Positions- De-Ontologicalo Judges the morality of actions based on a duty or appeal. The “actions” are adherences to a rule/law/duty/etc.- TeleologicalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Rooted in the principle of utility which states that “actions/behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness/pleasure, they are wrong if they tend to produce unhappiness or pain.”Practical Justification: 3 Cases1. Hinduism- Caste System; shift in thought from Vedas to Upanishads- 4 stages of life in Hinduism (De-Ontological)1. Student2. Householder3. Hermit/”Forest-Dweller”4. Wandering “Sannyasin” (pursuit of spiritual liberation)2. Islam- The justification and limitation of war: war is not something to be taken lightly, requires reason/justification. - Reason for engaging in warfare= defense of the faith in the face of persecution o Sunni= expansiono Shi’a= against expansion3. Christianity- 2 views for reason of prayer:o De-ontological position= Ken Barth; prayer is a matter of obligation o Teleological= John Calvin; prayer leads to a growing in faith, spiritual awareness, &