NUTR SCI 132Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 20Lecture 12 (Sept 29)Describe the structure of the macronutrient Protein.Where does protein digestion begin?What enzyme breaks down protein and where is it found?What are the 8 main functions of Proteins?How much daily protein does the RDA recommend in terms of g/kg of body weight?Name 3 higher need situations for proteinIs protein deficiency a problem in America?Lecture 13 (October 1st)What happens to excess protein?What is an Essential Amino Acid and how many are there?Explain the concept of Biological Value. How does this impact our understanding of different protein sources?What are the costs and benefits of vegetarian diets? How do vegetarians (especially vegans) get around the problem of incomplete proteins?What are the most common causes of Protein Energy Malnutrition?Describe Marasmus and Kwashiorkor: how are they different and how are they similar?What is the definition of a Lipid?What type of lipids are saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats and trans-fatty acids? How are they different and how are they similar?Lecture 14 (October 3rd)What are trans fats?What are phospholipids and how are they different from triglycerides?What is cholesterol? Where can it be found? Do we need it?What is cholesterol used for?Name 5 uses for fatty acids.Name 3 steroid hormonesWhere are fats digested in the digestive track?Lecture 15 (October 6th)Match each with the correct descriptionWhat does it mean to say LDL is atherogenic?In the US, what are the major sources of fats? (3)How does one get Coronary Heart Disease?What factors contribute to the risk of Heart Disease?Lecture 16 (October 8th)Do high fat diets contribute to cancer?What do Mediterranean and Asian diets show us about energy consumption and risk of heart attack?Lecture 17 (October 10th)What is energy balance?What is ‘thrifty metabolism?’Name at least 5 factors that increase BMRWhat is the thermic effect of food?A. Delivers lipids to cells and arteriesB. Delivers lipids to bodyC. Scavenges lipid from the blood stream1. LDL 2. VLDL 3. HDLWhat do subcutaneous, visceral and intramuscular mean?What is BMI?Lecture 18 (October 13th)What does rapid weight loss (more than 2 lbs/week) suggest?Name 3 ways the Obesity Epidemic is being treatedWhy is it not a good idea to only diet and not exercise for losing weight?How can one manage energy intake?Name 5 helpful techniques for weight lossLecture 19 (October 15th)Material is not on 2nd exam.Lecture 20 (October 17th)Name and describe 3 types of bariatric surgery.ANSWERS:Lecture 12 (Sept 29)Describe the structure of the macronutrient Protein.Composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes S. Peptide bonds combine two amino acids; the unique sequence of AA give proteins unique structures.Where does protein digestion begin?In the stomach; stomach acid denatures protein by neutralizing it into linear sequence, allowing individual amino acids to be broken down by enzymes.What enzyme breaks down protein and where is it found?Protease in the Small IntestineWhat are the 8 main functions of Proteins?Structure (Bone Matrix, Muscles, Connective Tissue, Cell Membrane), Other Constituents of Body (Blood Clotting, Blood transport proteins, Maintain Fluid Balance), Acid-Base balance (maintain homeostasis), Regulation (peptide hormones, such as glucagon), Neurotransmitters, Immune System, EnergyHow much daily protein does the RDA recommend in terms of g/kg of body weight?0.8 g/kgName 3 higher need situations for proteinChildren, pregnancy, highly activeIs protein deficiency a problem in America?No. If you are getting adequate nutrients, your protein requirement is more than likely also adequate (Males: 90g/day, Females: 70g/kg)Lecture 13 (October 1st)What happens to excess protein?Used as energy or stored as fat. The excess Nitrogen must be removed from the kidney, so the kidney excretes it. Therefore, excess is diuretic (stimulates extra urine production). The negative impact of this is that it also excretes Calcium, which may lead to weakened bones.List at least five sources of proteinMeat, fish, Poultry, Eggs, nuts, beans, milk, grains, vegetables.What is an Essential Amino Acid and how many are there?An essential AA cannot be synthesized by the human body and therefore must be obtained via the diet. 9 out of the 20 AA are Essential Amino Acids.Explain the concept of Biological Value. How does this impact our understanding of different protein sources?Biological Value measures the ‘effectiveness’ of protein by measuring how much of the protein isretained (used by the body) in comparison to how much of it goes unused (excreted). If much of the protein is retained, that protein has a high biological value. Eggs are a perfect protein and other animal sources also have high biological values, while vegetable sources have lower values.What are the costs and benefits of vegetarian diets? How do vegetarians (especially vegans) get around the problem of incomplete proteins?Vegetable sources of protein are incomplete; however, they are low in fat, low in saturated fat, low in Cholesterol and high in fiber (unlike Animal proteins). Vegetarians practice Protein Complementarity – that is, combining two incomplete proteins such that each supplements the other’s Limiting Amino Acid to create a complete protein. What are the most common causes of Protein Energy Malnutrition?Poverty, war and drought.Describe Marasmus and Kwashiorkor: how are they different and how are they similar?Diseases of Protein Energy Malnutrition. Both have common symptoms of emaciation/muscle wasting, infection, Illness and exhaustion. Kwashiorkor also includes Edema (where water leaks out of the blood stream and accumulates in the gut, often leading to bloated bellies).What is the definition of a Lipid?Soluble in organic solvents (and insoluble in water)What type of lipids are saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats and trans-fatty acids? How are they different and how are they similar?They are triglycerides, which have a glycerol head and 3 long carbon chains. In saturated fats, the chains are completely ‘straight’ (saturated with Hydrogens), in monounsaturated, there is one kink in the chain and in polyunsaturated there are several kinksLecture 14 (October 3rd)What are trans fats?‘Man-made’ fats that were originally unsaturated fats but turned into saturated fats via the process of hydrogenation.What are phospholipids and how are they different