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UGA CBIO 2200 - CBIO 2200 Exam 3

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9/25/14 Chapter 7: Bone Tissue Osteology: The study of bone • Skeletal System: Includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons o Bone and teeth are the most durable materials in the body  Survive for 100s of years after death, unlike soft tissues o Living Skeleton: Accompanied by dynamic, mitotically active tissue  Skeleton that we normally thing of is dead Functions of the Skeleton • Support: Frame for the body o Ligaments help attach bone to bone and cartilage help attach muscle to bone o Ex: Mandible and maxilla—Support teeth • Protection: Bones enclose many important organs o Ex: Rib cage—protects thoracic organs o Ex: Cranium—protects brain o Ex: Spinal column—protects spinal cord • Movement: Bones act as levers to provide movement • Electrolyte balance: Calcium and phosphorus are stored in bone (very important electrolytes) and released into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body’s physiological needs • Acid-Base Balance: Acts to produce buffers to help resist changes in pH o Ex: Absorb or release alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts • Blood Formation: Red bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production, including both red and white (immune) blood cells Bones and Osseous Tissue • Osseous Tissue: Bone; Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals o Mineralization/Calcification: Hardening of the bone o Hardest substance in the body—Tooth enamel (NOT bone) • Dynamic nature of bones allows it to be metabolically active, constantly remodeling and interacting with other structures o Ex: Release or absorb calcium• Sensitivity and Metabolic Activity (nerves) • Tissues that make up bone: o Osseous tissue o Blood o Bone marrow o Cartilage o Adipose tissue o Nervous tissue o Fibrous connective tissue General Features of Bones • Flat bones: Thin curved plates o Ex: Cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, hip bones • Long bones: Most important bones in body movement; Serve as rigid levers that are acted upon by skeletal muscles to produce major body movements o Ex: Limbs—humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges • Short bones: Approximately equal in length and width and produce relatively limited gliding movement o Ex: Wrist, ankle, patella • Irregular bones: Bones that do not fit any other structural category o Ex: Sphenoid bone (butterfly), vertebrae, 3 tiny ear bones General Anatomy of Bones • Compact (Dense) Bone: Covering of bone made of dense white osseous tissue o About ¾ of bone weight o Made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together o Cover the surface of most bones o Forms most of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones • Spongy (Cancellous) Bone: Loosely organized form of osseous tissue o Found in the central space of the end of each bone, just inside the compact bone of the shaft, and in the middle of most flat/long/short bones o Trabeculae: Thin plates forming spongy bone tissue Spaces between trabeculae are filled with bone marrow (red in epiphyses, yellow in diaphysis) o Spicules: Slivers of bone in spongy bone tissue o Always enclosed by compact bone o About ¼ of bone weight General Features of Long Bones • Epiphyses: Ends of bone; Expanded heads off of shaft o Contains spongy bone o Enlarged to strengthen joint and add surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments • Diaphysis: Shaft of long bone o Between compact bone and medullary cavity in the diaphysis, spongy bone is found o Provides leverage for movement • Medullary Cavity: AKA marrow cavity; Bone marrow cavity along the shaft of the bone o In young people, mostly red (prevalence of red blood cells) o In older people, mostly white (prevalence of white blood cells) o Very soft in all people • Hyaline Cartilage: AKA articular cartilage (joint cartilage) that is located on the ends of bones where two bones meet o Combined with a lubricating fluid, allows joints to move much more easily than bone on bone o Classified by a relatively clear matrix, fine collagen fibers, and no conspicuous elastic fibers o Perichondrium: Hyaline cartilage (dense connective tissue) found covering and surrounding the surface of the cartilage model during ossification • Nutrient Foramina: Openings for nutrients to leave/enter bones o Ex: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics • Periosteum: Sheath that covers outside of bone with a tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells o Outer fibrous layer: Outermost layer  Mostly collagen  Important for healing for fractures and growth of boneo Inner osteogenic layer: Layer closest to the bone  Contains the bone stem cells (cells that give rise to osteoblasts) o Not located over articular cartilage o Provides strong attachment from muscle to tendon to bone • Endosteum: Thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the inside of the bone—internal marrow cavity, spongy bone, and compact bone canal system • Epiphyseal Plate: AKA growth plate; Located inside of bone to separate epiphysis from diaphysis and serve as a site of bone growth o Composed of hyaline cartilage o Becomes an epiphyseal line once growth is finished (adulthood) to mark where the epiphyseal plate used to be General Features of Flat Bones • Generally two pieces of compact bone that sandwich spongy bone in the middle • Diploe: Spongy layer in the cranium o Protects the brain in the instance that outer compact bone is fractured by absorbing the rest of the blow and maintaining the inner layer of compact bone • Both surfaces are covered with periosteum • Marrow spaces amid the spongy bone are lined with endosteum Bone Cells • 4 types of bone cells: o Osteogenic (Osteoprogenitor) Cells: Bone stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types  Found in endosteum and periosteum  Multiply continually  May go on to become osteoblasts o Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells  Roughly cuboidal/angular and line up in a single layer on the bone surface under the endosteum and periosteum  Resemble cuboidal epithelium Nonmitotic—New ones are developed when osteogenic cells go through mitosis and differentiate into osteoblasts  Stress and fractures cause quick multiplication of osteogenic cells to quickly


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