18.03 Practice Hour Exam I (2010) 1. A certain computer chip sheds heat at a rate proportional to the difference between its temperature and that of its environment. (a) Write down a differential equation controlling the temperature of the chip, as a function of time measured in minutes, if the temperature in the environment is a constant 20◦C. Your equation will have a constant in it which can’t be determined from the data given so far. (b) What is the general solution o f this equation? (This will still involve the unknown constant). (c) It is observed that if the chip is powered down a t t = 0 at a temperature of 7 0◦C in a room at 20◦C, its temperature at t = 1 0 minutes is 60◦C. Use this new information to complete the determination of the differential equation. 2. Estimate y(2.2) where y is the solution of the differential equation y� = y2 x2 with −y(2) = 0, using Euler’s method with step size 0.1. 3. This problem concerns the differential equation y� = y2 −x2 . Part of its direction field is shown below. (a) On the diagram, sketch and label the isoclines for slope m = −4, m = 0, a nd m = 4. (b) On the diagram, sketch the graph o f the solution of the equation with y(2) = 0. y ’ = y2 − x2 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 y −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 x (c) Estimate the value y(100) of the solution with y(2) = 0. Is your estimate too large or too small? (d) A certain solution y has a local extremum at x = −1. What can you say about y(−1)? Is the extremum a maximum or a minimum? For full credit, make a relevant calculation, rather than merely relying on the picture.4. (a) Find the general solution of tx˙ + 2x = t2 . (b) Find a sinusoidal solution to t he differential equation ˙x + 2x = cos(2t). Express your answer as a sum of sines and cosines. You may use any method to find this solution. 5. (a) Express each of the cube roots of −8i first in the form Aeiθ and then in the form a + bi. (b)–(e) relate to the sinusoidal function f(t) = −cos(πt) − sin(πt). 2 2 (b) Find positive real numbers A a nd φ such that f(t) = A cos(πt − φ). 2(c) What is t he period P of this sinusoidal function? (d) What is the time lag t0 of this sinusoidal function? (e) Please sketch a graph of this function below, marking on the diagram A, P , and t0. 6. This problem concerns the autonomous equation ˙y = y3 − y. (a) Sketch the phase line for this equation. Mark on it all critical points. Label each critical point as stable, unstable, or neither. (b) Sketch some solutions for this equation, enough so that for any b between −2 and +2 you show a solution y such that y(t) = b for some t. (c) Determine where points of inflection occur in solutions to this equation. (A function f(t) has a point of inflection at (a, b) if f (a) = b and f��(a) = 0.) Solutions 1. (a) Let x(t) be the temperature of the chip in degrees C. x˙ = (20−x), or ˙x+ kx = 20. (b) x = 20 + Ce−kt . (c) The data gives 70 = x(0) = 20 + C, so C = 50 and 60 = x(10) = 20 + 50e−10k, so −10k = ln(40) − ln(50) or k = (ln(50) − ln(40))/10.2. n xn yn An = yn 2 − x2 n hAn = An 0 2 0 −4.0 −0.4 1 2.1 −0.4 0.16 − 4.41 = −4.25 −0.425 2 2.2 −0.825 3. (a) The nullcline is the pair of crossed lines y = ±1. The m = 2 isocline is the up-per/lower hyperbola; the m = −2 isocline is the left/right hyperbola. (c) The graphed solution is trapped by the funnel having the nullcline as its lower fence and the m = −2 isocline as the up-per fence, y(100) is very near to −100, but slightly larger. (d) Extrema occur when ˙y = 0; that is, along t he nullcline. y¨ = 2yy˙ − 2x, which is −2x on the nullcline. At x = −1 this is positive, so we have a minimum. 4. (a) Multiply through by t: d (t2 x) = t3 . Thus t2x = t4/4 + c so x = t2/4 + c/t2 . dt(b) First solve the complex-valued equation ˙z + 2z = e2it . O ne way to solve this is to try zp = Ae2it and solving for A: (2i + 2)A = 1, or A = 1 = 2−2i = 1−i . The real part 2+2i 8 4 of 1−i e2it is = 1(cos(2t) + sin(2t)). 4 xp 45. (a) −8i = 8e3πi/2 so its cube roots all have modulus equal to the postive number whose cube is 8, namely 2. The arguments are π 2, π 2 + 23 π = 76 π, and π 2 + 43 π = 116 π, so the πi/2 7πi/6 11πi/6roots are 2e = 2i, 2e = −√3− i, and 2e = √3 − i. (b) The point (a, b) = (−1, −1) has polar coordinates A = √2 and φ = 5π/4. 2π 2π(c) P = ω = π/2 = 4. (d) t0 = φ/ω = 54 π/π 2 = 52. (e) Amplitude √2, period 4, trough at 1/2, peak at 5/2. 6. (a), (b) (c) y¨ = 3y2y˙ − y˙ = (3y2 − 1) ˙y is zero if either ˙y = 0 —that is, y = 0 or y = ±1—or 23y − 1 = 0—that is, y = ±1/√3.MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 18.03 Differential Equations���� Spring 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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