MIC 230 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Fermentation a. What it is b. Problems it hasII. Respiration a. What it isb. CharacteristicsIII. 3 parts of respiration Outline of Current Lecture IV. Advantages/disadvantages of bacterial genetics V. Significant discoveriesVI. Concepts/definitionsVII. Structure of DNA/RNAa. Central DogmaCurrent LectureI. GeneticsDiscipline dealing with the mechanisms of passing on traits and expressing them (i.e. heredity)Advantages/Disadvantages of bacterial genetics-Population size is an advantage, increase in number in an overnight culture, individuals are largely identical, and it is fairly cheap to grow and small amount ofspace. -Genome is an advantage in the fact that E.coli has ~5000 genes, in humans thereis ~20,000 genes, they are also haploid, not diploid-Genome is a disadvantage eukaryotic microbes are diploid…ex: yeast-Can use this as a model-Genetic variability is an advantage because low bacteria need to go to yeast, other euk. microbes-Genetic variability is a disadvantage because there is no sexual reproductionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Can mutate and do some gene exchange to generate variability but thereis still no sexual reproduction-Applications: increase strain usefulness II. Recent historical milestones/significant discoveries a. 1940-Beadle and Tatum“One gene, one enzyme”-Changed slightly to “one gene, one polypeptide”b. 1944-Averyproposed DNA as genetic material c. 1952-Hersey and Chase showed it was DNA-Showed you could transfer information by transferring DNAd. 1953Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkens-Determined the structure of DNAe. Late 1960’sCentral Dogmainformation flow DNAprotein and how it workedf. Late 1970’srecombinant DNAg. 1993-Kary Mullis made PCR (polymerase chain reaction)…Practical 1933-Michael Smith developed site-directed mutagenesis III. Concepts/Definitionsa. Functional unit=gene -Short stretch of DNA that specifics:1) A string of amino acids (polypeptide)2) rRNA, tRNAb. Entire complement of genes genomec. Genes can be expressed (turned on and/or off)-The genes being expressed at any given timephenotype not genotype-Environment can affect phenotype d. Genes3 bases=codon=encodes (stands for) 1 amino acid IV. Structure DNA/RNA (Fig. 6.1 in text)a. Purines/Pyrimidinesb. Nucleotides Base, ribose (RNA), PO4-, deoxyribose (DNA)c. DNA is double stranded (ds) except in same viruses-Antiparallel-Held together by base paring -Helix form, supercoiled (BP stands for base-pairs, usually the length of DNA is given in BP)d. RNA (ribose, uracil)-Single stranded (ss)-Can fold back on self to provide 2 prime structures-mRNA (high concentration in cell), rRNA, tRNAV. Central Dogma-One-way flow of information (some virus exception)DNA RNA ProteinReplication Transcription TranslationNucleus in eukaryotes…………………………………Cytoplasm in eukaryotesCytoplasm for prokaryotes…………………………………………………………-Same basically for prokaryotes and eukaryotes with some mechanistic differences -Eukaryotes have introns and exons, rare in prokaryotes-Gene has segments called axons that code and introns that are non-coding intervening sequences -So have 1 prime transcript with introns and exons-Processed to remove introns and stich together exons-Mature RNAgoes to
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