BIOL 1100Exam # 2 Study Guide Chapters: 5, 8, 9, 10Chapter 5Understand fully each of these terms:-- Polysaccharides/complex carbohydrates- Glyosidic linkages- Photosynthesis- amylase-monosaccharide monomers are simple sugars that structurally vary in 4 primary ways:-location of the carbonyl group-number of carbon atoms present-spatial arrangement of their atoms-linear and alternative ring form-distinct monosaccharides exist because so many aspects of their structure are variable, each has a unique structure and function-carbohydrates-have diverse functions in cells-serves as precursors to large molecules-store chemical energy-provide fibrous structural materials-indicate cell identity-Polysaccharides-cellulose-chitin-Peptidoglycan-oligosaccharides-carbohydrates have more free energy than CO2, why?-the hydrolysis of glyosidic linkages in glycogen is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphorylase, they can break down glycogen to produce glucose-when cells need energy, carbs participate in exergonic reactions that synthesize ATPChapter 8Understand fully each of these terms:- Kinetic energy- Potential energy- 1st Law of Thermodynamics- 2nd Law of Thermodynamics- Gibbs Free Energy- Energetic Coupling- Redox Reactions- Enzymes- Activation Energy (EA)- Enzyme Catalysis - Competitive inhibition- Allosteric regulation- Metabolic pathway-Two types of energy:-kinetic energy-potential energy-free energy of a reaction is the amount of energy available to do work-energy is neither created nor destroyed, it simply changes form-in cells chemical potential energy electrons are the most important source-amount of potential energy in an electron is based on its position relative to positive and negative charges-electrons closer to negative charges and father from positive charges have higher potential energy-molecular potential energy is a function of electron configuration and position-1st Law of Thermodynamics-enthalpy (H)-H=U+pV-2nd Law of Thermodynamics-entropy -Gibbs Free Energy Change-spontaneous/nonspontaneous-Delta G > 0, spontaneous, exergonic-Delta G< 0, nonspontaneous, endergonic-Delta G=0, reaction at equilibrium-for most reactions to proceed one or more chemical bonds have to break, others have to form-ATP stores a large amount of potential energy, energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed. Phosphorylates target molecules -ATP drives endergonic reactions when a protein is phosphorylated, the exergonic phosphorylation reaction is paired with an endergonic reaction (energetic coupling)-Redox Reactions-reduction, gain of an electron -oxidation, loss of an electron-Enzymes-are protein catalysts, important because they speed up chemical reactions that are required for life-substrates-active site, induced fit-cofactors-coenzymes-prosthetic groups-phosphorylation-Activation Energy (EA)-the amount of free energy required to reach the intermediate condition or transitionstate-reaction rates-Steps of Enzyme Catalysis-Initiation-Transition State Facilitation-Termination-catalyst, how do they lower the activation energy?-what limits the rate of catalysis?-the speed of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?As one organ:- Hollow, muscular organ about the size of a clenched fist. - Weighs less than one pound. - Serves as the pump that imparts pressure to the blood to establish the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to the tissues.As two separate organs:- Right and left sides of the heart function as two separate pumps. - Left side pumps in systemic circulation. - Right side pumps in pulmonary circulation. Divided into right and left halves and has 4 chambers, with an upper and a lower chamber within each half.Separated by the septum. Sizes and shape depict function. Both sides of the heart simultaneously pump equal amounts of blood.Chapter 9Understand fully each of these terms:- Cellular respiration- Fermentation- Glucose Oxidation- Glycolysis- Pyruvate processing- Citric acid cycle- Electron transport chain- Metabolism- Oxidative Phosphorylation-all organisms use glucose to build fats, carbs and other compounds, cells recover glucose by breaking down these molecules-Glucose is used to make ATP through Cellular Respiration or Fermentation-cellular respiration produces ATP from a molecule with high potential energy, usually glucose-Steps of Cellular Respiration-glycolysis-pyruvate processing-citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)-electron transport & chemiosmosis-PFK?-Substrate-Level Phosphorylation?-Know about ATPChapter 10 Understand fully each of these terms:- Photosynthesis- Light-dependent reactions- Dark reactions- Electromagnetic radiation- Light- Photons- Wavelength- Pigment- Photosystem I & II- Chemiosmosis- Photophosphorylation- Photorespiration- Stomata-photosynthesis is the process of using sunlight to produce carbohydrate-6 CO2+6 H20+Light energy C6H12O6+ 6 O2-contrast with cellular respiration-by-product?-Dark reactions-Calvin cycle reactions-Photons-wavelength-Pigment-chlorophylls-carotenoids-absorption spectrum-action spectrum-Photosystems-antenna complex-reaction center-Z scheme-Oxygenic Photosynthesis-photosystem II splits water to replace its lost electrons and produces oxygen-Calvin Cycle-fixation-reduction-regeneration-3 step process-PEP carboxylase fixes CO2-4-carbon organic acids produced travel-The four-carbon organic acids release a CO2 molecule-The importance of Rubisco?-photorespiration-undoes photosynthesis, it consumes energy and releases fixed CO2-what is CAM plants?-C4