ENTO 208 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Lecture 13I. SarcophagidaeII. HippoboscidaeIII. On birdsIV. ImportanceV. ControlOutline of Lecture 12VI. Sand FlyVII. ImportanceVIII. ControlIX. Black Flies X. ImportanceXI. ControlXII. Biting Midges XIII. ImportanceXIV. CulicoidesCurrent LectureI. Sand Fly - Pyschodidaea. Often found in locker room drainsb. Adults do not blood feedc. Phlebotominae - important vectors, worldwided. Immatures develop in wet/moist organic materiale. Life cycle - eggs deposited, larvae whitish with dark head (4 instars), adults are hairyi. Only females blood feed, scissor lie mandiblesf. Leishmaniasis - protozoan parasitesg. Cutaneous - dermal lesion at site of biteh. Visceral - chronic systemici. Hosts: humans, dogs and catsII. Importancea. Vesicular stomatitis virus diseasei. Virus in rhabdoviridaeii. Causes blisters in mouth, feet, and occasionally elsewhere- Pseudo-foot-and-mouth-diseaseiii. Biological vectors: Phlebotominae sand flies, black flies, culicoidesiv. Hosts: cattle, horses, pigsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Controla. Surveillance for breeding activityi. Collection of larvae, emergence traps, etc.b. Repellantsc. Treated bed netsd. Adult insecticidese. Removal of animal reservoirsi. Culling of infected dogs (or mandatory pyrethoid collar for positive dogs)IV. Black Flies - Simuliidae - Buffalo gnata. Worldwideb. Global vectorc. Difficult to distinguishd. Flowing water is required for larval developmenti. Well oxygenatedii. Silk pads to attach to substratee. Filter feedf. Pupae have gills for oxygenV. ImportanceBlack Fly fevera. Allergic reactionb. Livestock: nuisance and sometimes direct mortalityi. Simuliotoxicosisii. exsanguinationc. Vector (human diseases) - i. onchocerciasis (river blindness)ii. 2nd leading cause for infectious blindnessd. Vector (animal diseases)i. Bovine onchocerciasis - Filarial nematode - onchocera spp.- Hosts: cattle, deer, moose, reindeer, warthogsii. Leucocytozoonosis- Mainly in wild and domestic birds- Fatal in chickensVI. Controla. Larval stage typical targeti. Concentrated in aquatic environmentsii. Larvicidal products added to streamsiii. Arial treatments of riversb. Host treatment (onchoceriasis)i. Ivermectin - kills nematodes, including microfilariaeii. Onchoceriasis extermination programVII. Biting Midges - Certopogonidae - no-see-umsa. Larvae occur in aquatic/semi-aquatic environmentsb. Adults have mandibles for lacerating skin (females blood-feed)VIII. Importancea. Direct: i. annoyance, equine allergic dermatitisb. Vector (human)i. Oropouche fever - south AmericaIX. Culicoidesa. Vector (animal) - b. Blue tongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic diseasei. BTV kills lots of sheep and deer (cattle not usually affected)ii. Not zoonotic iii. Clinical signs: loss of appetite and fear of humans, excessive salivation, fever/attraction to water, etc.X. African horse sicknessa. Controlb. Larvicide not that effective (habitat dispersed, hard to locate)c. Reduction in larval habitati. Leaking water troughsd. Adulticides (limited success)e. Stay indoors at nighti. Stabling livestock (mesh on windows,