GradeBuddy MUS-T351. 1st Edition!! Exam 2 Study Guide !!Metric terms: !Pulse vs. beat !•You can have a pulse without having a beat. In order to have a best you need ◦some sort of metrical structure to create a framework for the pulse to fit into.!New approaches to rhythm and meter!•Isorhythm- repeating melodic and rhythmic patterns, common in the •fourteenth century, now being used again and twisted into something new and modern for the 20th century!!American Music:!American "ultramodernism" (Ives)!•New approaches to texture and material: Ives and "heterogeneity"!•American composers after WWI were deeply concerned with questions like:!•What is American music today? What is the "true" American musical ◦identity?!Has the attempt to transplant European musical formats and genres to ◦American soil been a success or a failure? Has it been more helpful or more harmful overall? How should American music relate to European music?!Is the cultural model that led to WWI something to be trusted?!◦What is "classical" or "concert" music in America? What should it be? ◦(Should it be at all?)!Should we stick to the traditional ensemble types? Should we write operas? ◦Should we write string quartets?!What about native and "native" folk music traditions?!◦What do Americans (North and South) need to do to make sure music has ◦a bright and healthy future?!!!!!!!!!!!!!Charles Ives and American "ultramodernism"!Ives the experimenter!•Experiments with new instruments, new harmonies, was improvising atonal ◦organ music before Schoenberg!Ives the "borrower"!•Borrows folk songs, church hymns etc. and sticking it into his music to infuse ◦it with "Americana" feel.!Ives and Americans!•Ives, texture, and "heterogeneity"- lots of different things happening.!•!Ives, Three Pieces in New England, III "The Housatonic at Stockbridge" (c. 1912-18)!Lots of different things happening at the same time- heterogeneity!•Folk songs!•All in different keys- polytonal!◦All in different meters- polymeter !◦"Atonal" dissonance !•Disillusioned...folk songs gone wrong!•Range and scope!•Ives is working during the same time frame as Strauss and Debussy, but the •things he is doing seem like they come from the 1960s...Ives was WAY ahead of his time.!Edgard Varèse- Hyperprism!Experimentalist!•Important ideas- !•Not "music", but rather "organized sound"!◦Emphasis on timbre and rhythm!◦Extensive use of percussion!◦Rhythm and meter- highly complex!!◦Instruments and timbre- new sounds themselves!◦Ternary form!◦Homorhythmic- orchestration, rhythms, and timbres become uniform in ‣the second section and set this section apart from the rest of the piece where pitch and form typically would've done the job. !!!!Aaron Copland Piano Concerto (1926), movement 1!Melodic intervals have an "open", expansive nature!•"Blue 3rd"!•Harmonic language is Tertian (built out of thirds), triads, 7th chords.!•Sometimes "functional" and sometimes "not functional"!◦!Orchestra Solo Orchestra!!!!!!!!!!!!!Aaron Copland- Fanfare for the Common Man!"Accessible", "democratic", "populist" style.!•See score (PDF)!•!Aaron Copland - Symohony No. 3!Flutes quote Fanfare at beginning. !•!!!Schoenberg- 12-tone row and 12-tone composition!•According to Schoenberg, writing according the 12-tone method was less ◦about writing according to specific harmonies/dissonances, but all about his desire to write according to form.!12-tone designed to "reclaim" concepts of form (periods, phrase structure, ◦etc.), but the music is still entirely atonal.!A 12-tone row is an ordered series of intervals.!◦Since tonality is gone, the intervals are what is important to a composer.!‣P, R, I, RI!◦Prime- original row form!‣Retrograde- original row goes backwards!‣Inversion- intervals go opposite direction !‣Retrograde inversion- both original row going backwards while the ‣intervals go opposite directions!There are 48 total 12-tone row combinations.!‣!Other Terms and concepts: !Rhythmic terms and techniques:!•Irregular or changing rhythmic groupings!◦Irregular or changing divisions of the beat!◦Disablement in relation on to metric framework!◦Polyrhyth!◦Metric terms and techniques:!•Pulse vs. beat!◦Kinds of metric "irregularity" within a single measure or involving many ◦measures !Symmetrical meters vs. asymmetrical meters!◦Divisive meters vs. additive meters!◦Changing meter (mixed meter)!◦Polymeter!◦!!Notes on Composers and their respective styles:!Charles Ives!•Experimental, systematic techniques!◦Heteogeneity !◦Many contrasting materials brought together in a meaningful way!‣Musical borrowing !◦Use of pure existing material, such as American folk songs, church songs, ‣etc.!!!!!!!!!!!Ruth Crawford Seeger!• !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Edgard Varèse!•Not "music", but "organized sound"!◦Emphasis on timbre and rhythm!◦Extensive uses of percussion!◦Experiments in electronic music!◦Pan-American Association of Composers!◦Henry Cowell!•American experimentalist (ultramodernist)!◦Pan-American Association of Composers!◦Aaron Copland!•Distinctively American style and aesthetic!◦Copland's music ranges from frankly tonal and even essentially romantic in ◦orientation, to starkly modernist, to vernacular in