PY 371 Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Empathy Outline of Current Lecture II. Evolutionary theory and sociobiologyIII. Family ViolenceIV. Psychoanalytic TheoryV. Gender-role SocialazationCurrent LectureEvolutionary Theory & SociobiologyPosits sex difference due to different challenge of males and feminine in ensuring survival of their genes.-Challenge #1-Sexual Behavior-Male: Paternity -ex: competition among males for female couldexplain greater aggression and dominance.-Female: safe pregnancy and delivery -Challenge #2-Male: sex with as many fertile females as possible to increase gene survival.-ex: try to reduce competition -male on male homicide (18-30 yrs)-Female: to obtain resources for survival.Family violence-non biological family member (wife) are more likely to be killed.-Structure of Hunter & Gathering societies could explain female greater investment in children and some cognitive and social sex difference.-Although can sound deterministic Evolution Theory based on interaction with environment.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)-Psychosexual stages-Identify with same-sex parent influences gender roles-Phallic stage (3-6) key for gender roles-Emphasis on Unconscious Processes-Penis Envy-Oedipal Complex-Electra Complex-Psychoanalysts-Karen Horney (Feminist) Critic of Freud-Gender identity develops due to social forces rather then biology -Girls desire men’s power & status in society-Boys envy child rearing (wanted closeness)-Chodorow (Modern)-Family structure and early social experiences not unconnected. Key for development of boy and girl gender identities.-First Relationships with Primary caregiver mother, father etc. effect relationship and attitude with others later.-Girls: Gender ID from Mother-Boys: Gender ID from Father (rejection of Mother/feminine develops masculinity.)-Social Learning Theory-Observational Learning / Modeling occurs by positive reinforcement -Children most likely to imitate same-sex behavior that is gender congruent.-Model-Action-Attitude-Environmental Responses-Useful to explain sex differences in aggression-Useful to explain why some sex differences have decreased over time.-non-traditional roles are changing-Reinforcement (increase likely that a behavior will occur)-Another primary principle of social learning-Boys and Girls are rewarded for gender-congruent behaviorBoys -more likely to be reinforced for aggression-more likely to be punished for gender incongruent (cross-sex) behavior-Helps explain rigidity of male-Acquisition of gender-role behavior similar to learning of any other behavior.Gender-Role Socialization-different people and object in child’s environment provide rewards and models that shape behavior to fit Gender-Role norms.Parental differential treatment-more likely to happen with younger children older children parent respond to individual characteristics-Other People more influenced by people outside of home-Peers-important same-sex play-aggressive behavior-proactive aggression-goal directed-planned-reactive aggression-provoked then fight back (defensive behavior)-physically based-Toys (may influence later cognition and behavior)-Boys prefer vehicles, machines, building sets-Girls prefer dolls, domestic toys, dress up