BIOL 1344 Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hypothalamus Hormone ReleasesII. ThyroidA. HyperthyroidismB. HypothyroidismOutline of Current Lecture III. Adrenal GlandsA. Adrenal MedullaB. Adrenal CortexIV. PancreasV. Diabetes Types Current LectureIn review of the last lecture, T3/T4 are calorigenic hormones from the thyroid. They control basal metabolic rate which is approximately 39 kcals/hr/square meter of body surface area. Body surface area is greater in relation to weight in a smaller body. This is why the heart rate of a 2 yr old is about 120 bpm while in a 20 yr old, a much larger body, it is about 70 bpm. Euthyroidism is a state of normal levels of T3/T4. Parathyroid hormones control plasma calcium levels. Less than 6 mg/100ml of blood can result in lethargy and muscles convulsion. If it becomes lower than 4 mg, this can be lethal. Adrenal Glands: there is the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.Adrenal Medulla – releases catecholamine’s (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine). These bind with adrenergic receptors known as alpha and beta cells.- Alpha 1 – vasoconstriction- Alpha 2 – blood clotting- Beta 1 – heart rate increase- Beta 2 – vasodilation- Beta 3 – adipose tissue lipolysis Neutral fat is turned into glycerol and 3 free fatty acids through the process of lipolysis. From here, the 3 FFA goes through beta oxidation, acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle, and finally to ATP. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Epinephrine keeps you awake and active through monoamine oxidase (MA() which is an antidepressant Adrenal Cortex: Zona glounerulosa: aldosterone- controls sodium and water retention resulting in a rise in bloodpressure.Zona fasciculate: cortisol or glucocorticoids. If a person is in a starvation state, proteins are converted to amino acids then glucose for energy which can lead to hyperglycemia. This processis called gluconeogenesis. Zona reticularis: gonadosteroids- or sex hormones. DHEA releases testosterone, if there is too much of this in a female it causes masculine feature such as facial hair and a lower voice. Some testosterone is necessary however to produce estrogen. Too much estrogen in a male causes feminine features.If the adrenal glands are overactive this can lead to Cushing syndrome-high aldosterone-hypertension-high blood sugar-diabetes mellitus.If they are underactive this is Addison’s Disease-under secretion-hypotension-small heart, changes in skin color, dehydration, hypoglycemia. Pancreas: largest gland Exocrine portion of pancreas: releases pancreatic juice such as enzymes, trypsin, lipase, chymotrypsin. Endocrine portion is in the Islets of Langerhans. This is the intermediary metabolism system. Its alpha cells release glucagon (29 amino acids), beta cells release insulin (51 aa), delta cells release somatostatin. The basic system of metabolism of carbohydrates goes carbs-glucose-pyruvic acid-acetyl CoA –Krebs cycle- ATP. Insulin promotes this process to ATP as well as glycogenesis (process of glucose into glucagon) Italso promotes protein synthesis (amino acids build proteins)Glucagon promotes lipolysis (breakdown of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids), glycogenolysis (glucagon into glucose), and gluconeogenesis (amino acids into glucose). Diabetes TypesType 1 – Juvenile onset - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) This is an auto-immune disease and means the person does not have beta cells therefore no insulin.Type 2 – Adult onset – Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). This person does have insulin but the insulin receptor is down regulated or desensitized. They will need dietary control to lower blood sugar