ISS 215 Section 1 Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 8 Chapter 1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity 5 characteristics of a minority group 1 Unequal treatment because of prejudice discrimination segregation extermination 2 Distinguishing physical or cultural traits such as skin color language religion etc 3 Involuntary membership born into the group 4 Strong sense of group solidarity because of the awareness of subordination 5 In group marriage Types of minority groups Racial groups defined in terms of obvious physical differences ie skin color hair type and color Ethnic groups differentiated on the basis of cultural differences ie language social issues food religion Differences usually originate from groups homeland Religious groups religious beliefs different from the dominant faithMormons Jehovah s Witnesses Amish Muslims Buddhists Gender groups females culturally are the subordinate group Age cohort differences Sexual orientation defined by one s physical sexual attraction to their own sex Disability based on physical and or emotional deficiencies that challenge the ability to function in society Stratification factors Stratification is the structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in society Class factor social and or wealth ranking Race factor ranking based on skin color Gender male female transgendered Sexual orientation societal fringes Social status in the community or country Causes of minority group status Migration general term used to describe any transfer of population Voluntary or involuntary Country to country With the same country PUSH factors religious persecution economic reasons PULL factors better standard of living friends and relatives move promised job Forced movement all but guarantees a subordinate role Voluntary movement can create a subordinate role Annexation when countries incorporate or seize adjacent land into their borders German annexation during WWII Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican American Was in 1848 gave to the US California Utah Nevada parts of New Mexico Arizona Wyoming and Colorado Resulted in the indigenous people becoming minorities The dominant power aggressor in annexation generally suppresses language and culture of the new minority Colonialism most common maintenance of political social economic and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended period of time Rule by outsiders British Empire over much of North America parts of Africa India Power gained through military action political organizations investment capital Puerto Rico territory of the US residents are US citizens but can t vote in Presidential elections Consequences of minority group status Extermination same as genocide which is the deliberate systematic killing of an entire group of people or nation Expulsion groups of people forced to leave certain areas or vacate a country Secession minority group secedes to form a new nation or moves to an already established country Jews moving to Israel in the 1940s Segregation separation of minority groups from majority group work environments schools housing neighborhood social functions Fusion minority and majority groups combine to form a new group melting pot concept where a new group represents the best qualities attributes of the cultures that merge U S San Francisco etc Assimilation when a minority group takes on the characteristics of a dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of the majority group African Americans taking on white American values bilingual education Chapter 2 Prejudice Prejudice Negative attitude toward an entire category of people Involves attitudes thoughts and beliefs but not action Expressed using racial slurs and other pejorative language Leads to categorical rejection Don t have to have exposure to the category to have prejudice against them Discrimination Action resulting from prejudice Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons Hate Crimes Individuals choose a victim because of some characteristic such as race ethnicity sexual orientation gender religion disability Typology of discriminatory behavior All weather liberal believes in equality and practices equality may not have much exposure to minorities Reluctant liberal generally committed to equality but will weaken with social pressure Timid bigot not committed to equality but will not discriminate if pressured financially socially or by government All weather bigot acts on prejudice beliefs held by the individual Chapter 3 Discrimination Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice Total discrimination combination of current discrimination with past discrimination created by poor schools and menial jobs Ending Discrimination Voluntary organizations and the federal government Fair Employment Practices Commission in 1943 Opposed by southern whites and political leaders Franklin Roosevelt initiative No real power to make employers stop discriminating against African Americans Limited to federal government employees federal contractors and labor unions Inadequate funding Brown v Board of Education in 1954 separate but equal facilities are unconstitutional Resistance to this Supreme Court ruling was strong State and local government basically ignored this ruling Civil Rights Act of 1964 Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Prohibited discrimination in voting public accommodations employment etc Race color creed sex national origin Again ignored by local leaders EEOC helpful Chapter 4 Immigration Push pull factors related to immigration PUSH factors o Economic difficulties o Religious and or ethnic persecution o Political unrest PULL factors o Desire for a better life o Desire to join family that s already relocated o Chain immigration those relocated assist with relocation of others very common 3 patterns of immigration in America Number of immigrants fluctuate over time because of government policy changes Settlement patterns seem to concentrate in certain regions and cities Source of immigrants have changed over time Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Replaced the early 20th century national origin system Goal was to reunite families and to protect the American labor market Also restricted immigration from Latin America Primary source of immigrants included Italy Greece Portugal Mexico Philippines West