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Pitt PSY 0010 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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Sensation and Perception Part. 1Bottom-up ProcessingA  /-  ATop-Down ProcessingInformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectationsSensationDetect physical energy (stimulus) from the environmentThe type of physical energy depends on the type of senses we use to detect itConvert into neural signalsEx: vision – light waves are the stimulusStimulus of receptor sites  neural representation of the stimulusEx: light waves  visual representation of a flowerPerceptionTypically follows sensationSelect, organize and interpret sensationsTransductionProcess, whereby, physical energy is converted into neural impulse form*** Stimulus  sense organ  nerve impulses cortex for processingSensationJust noticeable difference:Smallest difference detectable 50% of the timeAbsolute threshold:Just how much of a stimulus does there have to be for a human to detect that it is thereLeast amount of energy for correct stimulus detection 50% of the timeDifferent threshold for different types of stimulusSubliminal PerceptionSubliminal stimuliStimuli just below the level of conscious awarenessHabituation and Sensory AdaptationHabituationBrain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli (cognitive)Sensory adaptationSensory receptors lessen response to constant stimuli over time (biological)Ex: pain after piercing, discomfort wearing new watch constantlyVisionThe stimulus input is light energyBrightnessThe amplitude of a waveGreat amplitude = bright colors, louder soundsSmall amplitude = duller colors, quieter soundsHue (color)Determined by the wavelength of the lightShort wavelength = high frequencyBluish colors, high-pitched soundsLong wavelength = low frequencyReddish colors, low-pitched soundsDifferent wavelengths of light result in different colorsThe EyeCorneaWhere light enters the eyeIrisBehind the corneaA muscle that expands or contracts to change the size of the pupilPupilIn the center of the irisChanges size in regard to the amount of light coming into the eyeLensBehind iris and pupilFocuses light waves on the retinaResponsible for changing ability to see things from afar or nearRetinaIn the back of the eyeContains the sensory receptorsWhere transduction occurs in the visual systemSends information to the back of the eye (to the optic nerve)Optic nerveAt the very back of the eyeWhere information is sentFoveaIn the back of the eyeThe central point of focus in the retinaContains particular structuresContains rods (black, white and gray) and cones (color vision)AccommodationEx: LensChanges shape to focus near or far objects on retinaVisual ProcessingOptic nerves connect to thalamusThalamus connects to visual cortex (occipital lobe)Trichromatic TheoryHelmholtzRetina has 3 types of color receptors (cones in the fovea), each sensitive to red, green and blueExperienced perceptions of different colorsColor BlindnessGenetic disorder“blindness” to red and greendefect to cones in the foveasupports the trichromatic theoryOpponent Process TheoryThere are 4 primary colors that we process and we combine them in pairsBlue-yellow, red-green, black-whitePerceptionSelect, organize and interpret sensationsShape ConsistencyPerceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images changeIt is an assumption that even though the visual image is different when an object is moved, our perception is that the shape remains constant even though it looks different as it movedSize ConsistencyStable size perception amid changing size of the stimuliThe size of the object stays the same even though it may be closer or father away by perceptionColor ConstancyPerceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the objectEven when lighting or surrounding color changes, we assume objects maintain a constant colorGestalt“the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”Reversible figure:EX: 3D drawn squareDepth PerceptionEnables judgment of distanceGibson and Walk (1960) suggests infants have depth perception9/24/2014Sensation and Perception Pt. 2Perception Cont.:Linear PerspectiveEx: parallel lines appear to get closer together and converge in the distanceApparent Motion:Phi Phenomenon:Lights flashing at a certain speed tend to present illusions of motionIllusion:Mismatch between what we perceive and realityTall Arch:Vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than horizontal dimension. BUT, both are equalMuller-Lyer IllusionMore common in industrialized societiesWhere people are used to the idea of a right triangleAngles on the end of a line could make two equal length lines look like one is longer and one is shorterConsciousnessConsciousnessAwareness of everything going on inside and outside of youIf we’re conscious we are awareIf we are in an altered state of consciousness, our awareness are altered tooCircadian Rhythm24 hour bodily rhythms with different levels of awareness alternating throughout the 24 hour periodlight triggers superchiasmatic nucleusMelatonin levelsIncreases at nightDecreases in the morningsInterrupted when we have “jetlag”Serotonin also regulates sleep rhythmSleepWe spend about 1/3 of our lives sleepingThis is an altered state of consciousnessWe are not as alert or aware when we are sleeping as we are when we are not sleepingSleep StagesElectroencephalograph (EEG) recordingRecords electrical activity in the brainAllows scientists to study sleepApproximately every 90 minutes, pass through 5 distinct sleep stagesElectrical waves change characteristically during these stagesAwake and AlertExperiencing strong mental engagementBrain waves are beta wavesIrregularLow amplitudeVery fast wavesAwake but RelaxedEyes closedBrain waves are alpha wavesSlow wavesRegularHigh amplitudeHeading toward the first stage of sleepSleep Stages 1-2Early sleep/light sleepBrain waves are theta wavesSimilar to alpha waves (during stage 1)Just starting to relaxHigh amplitude (stage 2)Slower waves (stage 2)Irregular (stage 2)Deeper level of sleep during stage 2 than stage 1, but still light sleepSleep Stages 3-4Deepest sleepBrain waves are delta wavesSlower wavesLarger amplitudeTakes a little while longer to wake up from a deep sleepGroggy for a little whileAfter stage 4, we go back up through the levels of sleep and then into REM sleepREM SleepRapid Eye MovementVivid dreams90% of dreams are believed to happen during this stageSleep paralysisOur


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