Terms….Discourse of Western Planting (pg. 27) – wrote by Richard Hakluyt. - Suggested North America would be key for trade- English colonization would benefit solution for over populated areas- Colonies would flourish a new start- Provide England w/ a naval base- Indians would eagerly purchase English goods- England could plant “sincere religion” (Protestant Christianity) in the New World and block Spanish expansion Great Awakening – tremendous religious revival in colonial America reaction to the Enlightment- George Whitefield – Anglican minster, preacher of great emotional fervor embarked on a tour of the colonies, preached to huge crowds - Jonathan Edwards – American minister, urged parishioners to recognize their sinfulnessJohn Locke – philosopher, argued that reason & rationality could be result of natural law - Maintained that legitimate government rests on an agreement between the people & their rulers - Devised the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina- Two Treaties of Government – natural rights (life, liberty, & property) he believed derived from God- Essay Concerning Human Understanding – focused on personality, individual personalityreflected God given tendencies environment & experience were powerful shapers of personalityGlorious Revolution – in England, signaled a return to political stability after years of upheaval- Colonists rejected James II b/c of his powerful anti-Catholic sentiment - Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which prevented James II from suspending statutes, collect taxes, or engage in foreign wars w/o Parliament’s consent - Parliament left colonies on their own…allowed colonies to grow in wealth, population, &self-government - After James II fled, government brought in William & Mary Articles of Confederation - document setting up the loose confederation of states - Powers delegated to the central government were extremely limited - Made Congress the sole instrument of national authority - Each state had one vote in Congress - Established government as a Confederation, w/ President elected by Congress - Reflected the English Whig view that the legislature was the dominant branch of gov.Daniel Shay’s Rebellion – when creditor & seaboard interests in the legislature refused to pass any relief measures, 2,000 farmers took up arms against the state gov. in rebellion - Convinced Whig Republicans that something needed to be done - Banks said they must pay them back in gold, resulting in banks foreclosing on the farms- As a result, seven states enacted laws for new paper money issuesFundamental Orders of Connecticut – orders established importance of religion, presence of the Congregational Church - Connecticut became fully self-governed - Congregationalism became the state religion- Based government firmly on the rights of individuals - Two General Assemblies or Courts yearly Bartolome de las Casas – - Drew Native Americans as a non threat- Spaniards surpassed all barbarians - Argued against idea of conversion to Christianity by force- Maintained Natives for normal humans The Northwest Ordinance – organized the western lands along the lines laid down by Jefferson- Provision for advancement of education in new lands- Exclusion of slavery north of the Ohio River- Inclusion of civil liberties - Effect: to end squabbling among states over territory Alexander Hamilton – suggested decentralized gov. - Argued that only a radical political change could preserve the republic & fulfill the promise of its greatness - Wrote The Federalist to allay fears that the Constitution would so consolidate national power as to menace individual liberties Enlightment – suggested the universe operated according to natural laws that human reason could discover - Belief in the power of human reason to improve the human condition - Natural truth was consistent w/ reveal truthBoston Tea Party – colonists disguised as Indians invaded the East India Company’s ship & poured over board over 300 chests of tea - Caused by the Tea Act which gave East India Company a monopoly on the sale on tea in the coloniesOpposition Whigs – Aristocrats, reigning in a Parliament - Cato’s Letters –Mercy Otis Warren – wrote numerous letters & poems which she published anonymously in newspapers - Revolted against the British & their policies - Accused Governor Hutchinson of gross ambition & hypocrisy- Defended the revolutionary cause Ratification debates – Constitution needed approval of 9 states- Anti Federalists objections- Proposed federal gov. new power to tax people directly constituted a threat to customary local gov.- Standing army promised despotic rule- Suspected wealthy merchants would control seatings of Senate- Saw the wealthy interests to dominate new gov. - Proposed less democratic way of thinking - Madison created a bicameral legislature Anne Hutchinson – held religious meetings in her house - Insisted there was nothing humans could do to encourage God to make them saints- Seemed to maintain that saints were accountable only to God & not to any worldly authority - Arrested for sedition – advocating the overthrow of the gov. Virginia Act Establishing Religious Freedom – - Disestablished the Church of England - provide full freedom of religious belief and practice to all VirginiansTriangular trade – constituted flow of raw materials to North American colonies to Britain & West Africa - profitable trading route started by people in New England who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to the West Indies in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this processMayflower Compact – governing agreement - compact resulted from the will of the people themselves “Wilderness Zion” – “Deserving Poor” – included widowed, orphaned children, very old, otherwise infirmed (ill)- Poor Laws/Poor Relief – to get poor relief you must be a long term resident Predestination – ‘The Elect’ group already destined by God to go to Heaven- If you behave well you must be a member of ‘The Elect’Common Sense – helped propel many Americans towards Independence - Written by Thomas Paine- He denounced King George & made a vigorously argued case for independenceJohn Carroll – first Roman Catholic bishop in the US “Old Lights” – orthodox members of the clergy who believed the new ways of revival and preaching were unnecessary w/ regard to the Great Awakening