PHIL 2400 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 181. Establishment Clausea. Statements in first amendment of the Bill of Right prohibiting the United States Congressfrom passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion2. Free Exercise Clausea. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting thereof..3. Religion in the Constitution(aside from the First Amendment) 4. Pluralism a. The free existence of many faithsb. Separate religions exist side by side and maintain their differences5. Post-pluralisma. The new combinations that occur as people borrow religious ideas and practices from one anotherb. Religions consciously or unconsciously borrow from one another and combine ideas and practices6. The “4 C’s”a. Creeds – explanations about the meaning of human lifeb. Codes – rules that govern everyday behaviorc. Cultuses – rituals to act out the understandings expressed in creeds and codesd. Communities – groups of people either formally or informally bound together by the creed, code and cultus they share7. Boundariesa. Religions arose to deal with boundariesb. Physical boundaries – marked the limits of the territory of another group, divided land that was safec. Crossing boundaries of our bodies – eating, drinking, intercourse, developed prayer, piercings etcd. Temporal boundaries – life cycle happenings such as birth, puberty, marriage and death8. Ordinary Religiona. Synonymous with cultureb. Shows people how to live well within boundaries9. Extraordinary Religiona. Helps people transcend, or move beyond, their everyday culture and concernsb. Grows at the border of life as we know it10. Cantwell v. Connecticut (194)a. Cantwell and his sons were arrested after playing a phonograph asking for money to tworoman catholic menb. Charged with violating the Connecticut law requiring solicitors to obtain a certificate before soliciting funds from the public and inciting a common law breach of the peacec. Cantwell’s claimed that the government did not have the right to determine whether they were participating in a religiond. Congress ruled for the Connecticut law11. Everson v. Ewing Township (1947)a. First case that applied the establishment clause to state lawb. New Jersey taxpayer sued the school system for reimbursing parents of students taking public transportation to private religious schools12. AbingtonTownship V. Schempp (1963)a. Declared school sponsored Bible reading in public schools to be unconstitutional13. McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)a. Members of Protestant, Catholic and Jewish faiths formed the Champaign Council on Religious Education and began holding religious education classes for public school students from grades 4 to 9 during public school hours.b. McCollum sued the board because they failed to quit the classes after she complained that her son was being ostracized from the other children.14. Zorach v. Clausen (1954)a. New York schools allowed religious students to leave during the day for religious purposesb. Parents of students required to remain in school sued, but the court ruled in favor of therelease time since no public funds were provided for the students15. Christian Privilegea. The idea that Christians have certain privileges in political and social life16. Wylie School Board Case17. Lemon Testa. Contained three statutes for legislation concerning religionb. 1) the statue must not result in an “excessive government entanglement” with religious affairsc. 2) the statue must not advance or inhibit religious practiced. 3) the statute must have a secular legislative purpose18. Native American Sacred landa. Had connections with the land and living things as if they were relatives of their family19. Kachinasa. Spirits from the mountains who came on ritual occasions during the year to perform through male dancers in the Pueblo villages of the Southwest20. Oral Traditiona. The way many native American religious tribes communicated their creeds21. Correspondencea. Basic relationship between two levels of existenceb. Native Americans believed that the spiritual world one a part of and connected with the natural worldc. Human community was a microcosm, “small world” that reflected the macrocosm, “large world” all around them22. Peyote ritualsa. Sees and uses the plant as a sacred power plant23. Ghost dancea. Came from the Paiute nation from the westb. Became immensely popular amongst Native Americans as they believed it connected them to their ancestors and would protect them against the white man24. How to study religion – being an insider vs. an outsidera. Insider – biased towards their own religionb. Outsider – can objectively analyze religion but might not ‘get’ the religion without believing25. Native American Churcha. Organized church by native Americans that was built on the growing tradition of peyote usage26. American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)a. Congress resolved that “it shall be the policy of the United States to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express and exercise [their] traditional religions.”27. Religious Freedom Restoration Act (1993)a. Law that insisted on a ‘compelling’ government interest before the state could intrude on religious activity, using the “least restrictive means” to its own ends28. Oregon v Smitha. Alfred Smith and Galen Black were counselors at a private drug rehab facility and were fired due to ingestion of peyote at the Native American Church. They were denied unemployment compensation.b. Supreme court ruled in favor of the denial of unemployment benefits because the law itself wasn’t directed at the religion itself and otherwise was a valid provision29. Reform Judaisma. Originated in Germany after contact with European enlightenment ageb. Began to question the authority of the rabbinic tradition established in the Talmudc. Rejected the idea that a personal Messiah would lead them back to Palestine30. Conservative Judaisma. Revival of attraction to tradition, responsibility and disenchantment with reform31. Orthodox Judaisma. Strictest form of American Judaism32. Hebrew Biblea. Early on saw the close relationships between fertility of land and crops and reproductively of men and womenb. But then changed ideas to be more focused on time than space33. Oral Toraha. Biblical Hebrew stories passed down from generations through word of mouth34. Covenanta.