FILM 1502 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 13FILM 1502: Introduction to Film Studies Film Titles, Directors and Dates - Singin’ in the Rain (Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, 1952)-Living in Oblivion (Tom DiCillo, 1995)- Monsoon Wedding (Mira Nair, 2001)- Raging Bull (Martin Scorsese, 1980)- The French Connection (William Friedkin, 1971) - The Conversation (Francis Ford Coppola, 1974)- North by Northwest (Alfred Hitchcock, 1959)Key terms/ concepts- Referent systems: personal experience, baggage brought to the theatre, experiential circumstances (age, gender, race, personal, social encounters)- Film release windows and distributiono Block booking o Premiere (wide, limited, platform)o Corporate conglomeration: day and date release window, rental (redbox/Netflix)- Mise-en-scene: on screen lighting, actors, sets, setting, costumes o Realism vs. unrealism o Theatrical vs. naturalistic o Expressive vs. constructive - Representation and reality - Identification and cognition Film Production and Post Production - Above-the-line: costs of contracting major personnel, directors, stars, producers, screen writers-setting up film productiono “talent”-make money, bulk of benefit, creative, more say on set- Below-the-line: technical and material costs-costumes, sets, transportation-involved in actual making, art directors, line producers, cinematographer-oversee day to day operationso “skilled labor”-non-creatives- 30 degree and 180 degreeo 30 degree: a shot should only be followed by a shot taken from a position greater than 30 degrees from the firsto 180 degree: restricts possible camera set up to 180 degree line - Pans: side to side- Tilts: up and down- Dollying/tracking: moving along a track on wheels, no camera movement - Depth of fieldo Deep focus: object in back in focus, all objects in focuso Shallow: middle focus placeo Rack focus: manually moving focus from object to object, quick movement - Widescreen: widened aspect ratio and dimensions of movie screen- Aspect ratio: the width-to-height ratio of the film frame as it appears on a movie screen- Anamorphic lens: compresses the horizontal axis of an image, “unsqueezes” image to produce widescreen - Lenses: o f-stops for highlight and lowlight environmento focal length-wide angle, telephoto, zoon lenses, depth of field, resolution- Editing techniques o Pacing and editing  Cutting on rhythm: cutting with music or pace of scene Graphic match: shape or shot in one shot provides visual transition to similar shape or line in next shot  Movement: pace and direction of movements are linked with corresponding movements in other shots o Temporal continuity  Ellipsis: compressing time, all lost time, breaks where time changed Chronology: creates an order in time even when there isn’t, alters perception  Flashback/flash forward: fading/transition, change in character look  Cut away: shot placed w/i action to break away from something very different,then return to what were seeing o Continuity editing  Verisimilitude: way that films organize content to make believe film  The invisible style: seamlessness in editing, do not notice different shots  Spatial continuity: how understand space o Establishing shot: show/define scene, introduce environment o Two-shot: move in closer, two people standing in shot, move awayo Insert: cut away to something that will happen, resets scene, narrativereason, stepping awayo Shot/reverse shot: looking at character, character looking backo Eye line match: character looking off-screen o Dissolves and fades - Sound o Diegetic: source in the narrative world of film o Non diegetic: does not belong to the characters’ world (can the characters hear it?) o Synchronous: sound that is recorded during a scene or that is synchronized with the filmed images, onscreen soundo Asynchronous: sound that does not have a visible onscreen source, off-screen soundo Room tone: recording space with everyone in it, neutral recording to be used in b/w talking in scenes o Clapboards: sync audio w/ footage o Reflected sound: sound reflecting off space, room seems largero Direct sound: talking at someoneo Sound editing: Foley: manufactured audio effects, recreate sounds Dubbing: common tool for localization, subtitles cheaper Sound bridge: sound element that continues over changes in scene and time  Sound mix: post production sound editing Sound reproduction: played in theatre o Voice over: talking over what is happening, o Voice off: character that was off screen suddenly part of scene, hear, part of film - Narrative and structure o Kinds of narration o Plot: what happen chronologically o Story: causality, looks at relationship between events o Narrative elements  Narrative reflexivity: characters within the movie recognizing their place Adaptation: to the world at the moment  Narratology: the study of narrative structure o How/where has narrative changed?Film History- Film stocks and gauges o Gauge: size of film, physical reel-8mm, 16mm, 35mm (normal), 70mm (Imax)o Nitrate vs. safety film  Nitrate: flammable, pre-1950 90% silent film, 50% sound film goneo Flexible film - Early cinemao Proscenium aesthetic  Apparent motion: numerous still frames, relationship to motion Persistence of vision: light projects an image on our eyes, do not notice shutterflickering in film o Actualities: early non-fiction films depicting real people and events through continuous footage, Lumiere brothers o Developments in film sound technology  Voice: intelligible vs. unintelligible, overlapping dialogue, sound perspective depending on what is heard, where are in relation to character Music: underscoring-reinforcing feeling of scene, cueing-set expectations of film Sound effects: reinforce naturalism, foleyo Melodrama: centered on an individual crisis within the confines of family or other social institutions, characterized by recognizable moral types, underscoring of music reinforces actiono Pre-cinema technologies Zoetrope: spinning cinemascope Theater Chronophotography: still photographs depicting motion, Edward Muybridge, zoopraxiscope - Technological shiftso Color Technicolor: required a technician, lab, development  Eastman color: replaced Technicolor, no technician neededo Matte shots: shot that joins two pieces of film, one with central action and other with additional background