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UGA BIOL 1104 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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BIO 1104 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 16Lecture Topic 1 (Intro to Human Reproduction)Lecture 1- Pre Quiz-Herpes is a viral infection, and does not go away -IUD is the most effective method of birth control -Hormonal birth control methods do not affect from STD-Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women can lead to spinal cord issues-Female fertility starts declining at age 27 -Myth: Mountain Dew decreases sperm count. In actuality, it does not. -If a woman has her period May 28th-31st, she is most likely to get pregnant June 11-14th o Fertilization is highest approximately halfway through cycle -Birth control protects from pregnancy all month -Pre-ejaculate has as much sperm as ejaculate -Most common misconception about reproduction is about what sex acts lead to pregnancy Hormones:- Regulate many critical processes in your body: ex. blood sugar, growth, metabolism, mating and reproduction (this results from intricate web of hormonal interaction)-hormones are molecules created by your body to send information to another part of the body -molecule = more than one atom - They are produced by the endocrine cells -in organs and individually in other parts of the body-examples of endocrine glands: gonads (testes and ovaries), pancreas, adrenal gland -distributed through the blood - don’t have effect on body until they bind to a target site -target cells may respond in different ways-Hormone 1- can pass though cell walls-bind to receptor inside the cell and causes molecules to “do” something-may turn a gene “on” or “off” (start/stop making proteins), or turn a gene expression up or down (make more or fewer protein)-Hormone 2- cannot pass through cell walls-bind to receptors on cell membrane and start a cascade of events (Signal transduction)-hormones may lead to one OR multiple effects in a single target cell-a small amount of protein may have a large effect-hormones can travel though cell membrane to receptor site, or site maybe on outside-tropic hormones- LH, inhibin, testosterone, GnRH-tropic hormones - hormone that acts directly to regulate (release/inhibit) another hormone’s production -FSH is not directly tropicEffect of Hormones- GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from pituary - LH and FSH stimulate follicle to mature- Follicular phase o Increasing size = increasing estrogen o Low levels of estrogen inhibit release of LHo High levels of estrogen stimulate the release of GnRH- LH surge triggers ovulation and LH stimulates ovulation of corpeus luteumo Sustains for 7-10 days- Corpus luteum excretes both estrogen and progesterone- Corpus luteum degenerates; can no longer produce estrogen and progesterone What happens if a female volunteer was injected with high estradiol concentrations early in the cycle?- Uterine lining buildup- Heavier period What happens if a drug is used to keep estradiol production low throughout a women’s cycle?- We would not expect ovulation/uterine lining to build upWhat leads to period symptoms (bloating, tenderness, irritability, etc.)?- The drop in ovarian hormonesWhat needs to happen to maintain a well-developed uterine lining?- Corpus lutem can’t disintegrate- High levels of estrogen and progesterone prevent another follicle egg from maturingWhat are some of the non-genetic effects hormones have in the body?- Changes in metabolism, cytoskeleton, or membrane transportHormone cascades- Cascade- series of hormone actions - One hormone stimulates another endocrine cell to release another hormone o Hypothalamus (nervous system/endocrine system)  endocrine cell in pituitary gland  endocrine/target cell  Cells can be target cells AND endocrine cells if acted on by trophic hormones- Pituitary gland- example of endocrine cells that produce tropic hormones from the testis, ovaries, adrenal cortex, liver, bones, tissue, etc.o Also releases hormones that act on non-endocrine target cells- Example: hypothalamus  anterior pituitary  FSH, LH  Gonads  stimulate gamete/sex-hormone productionFeedback loops- Positive- change in a parameter in one direction triggers a response that moves that parameter in the same direction- Negative- change in a parameter in one direction triggers a response that moves that parameter in the opposite directionHormonal Control of Reproduction1. Testosterone, other androgens, estradiol, and progesterone can control reproductiona. Estradiol and estrogen can be used interchangeably, as can testosterone and androgenb. Other hormones:i. GnRH1. Released from hypothalamus to pituitaryii. Gonadotroins1. LH (luteinizing hormone)2. FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)2. Male Reproductiona. The only thing men HAVE to contribute is sperm, and they can impregnate a female at any point during the monthi. Sperm is produced in the teste/seminiferous tubes, mature in the epididymis, and are transported to the penis through the vas deferens1. Spermatogenesis- creation of the sperm 2. Sertoli cells nurture cell developmentb. Testosterone also controls secondary sex characteristicsi. Features that distinguish between sexes, but not necessarily part of the reproductive system1. i.e. broad shoulders, hair, muscles mass, etc. 3. Female reproductiona. Women usually only produce one egg per monthi. Can only get pregnant at certain points of the cycle b. Ovulation- release of an egg from a follicle in the ovary into the oviductc. Menstruation- shedding/expulsion of uterine lining through the vaginad. Follicle- cluster of cells with a large, immature egg at the center e. Cycles- occur at same time and affect each other (assume they last 28 days)i. Ovarian cycle- produce an egg that can be fertilized1. Regulated by the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and the pituitary glandii. Uterine cycle- create hospitable environment for the embryo 1. Prepares and maintains uterine lining2. Regulated by hormones produced in the ovaryiii. Embryo (blastocyst) produces hormone hCG when it implants in the uterine wall f. Hormonal birth control uses estrogen+progesterone, or progesterone alonei. One week is a sugar pill/does not contain hormones g. IUD/implants are most effective method of birth control (failure rate-0.8%)i. Then injections1. Failure rate=6%ii. Then pill/patch/vaginal ring1. Failure rate=9%iii. Then diaphragm1. Failure rate = 12%iv. Then condom1. Failure rate = 18%v. Withdrawal method is not very effectivevi. Permanent method- sterilization


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UGA BIOL 1104 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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