MIC 230 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Lecture 1 (September 3)Introduction to microscopic organisms and small poxWhat are some unique characteristics of bacteria, viruses, and protists? Who developed the small pox vaccine? Bacteria are prokaryotes. Viruses are very small and need to be in host cells to function. Protists are known as “first animal” and are important grazers in the food web. Edward Jenner is credited with the development of the vaccine.Lecture 2 (September 8) More on the history of microbiology and porphyrin ringWhat is yellow fever and anthrax and who are the main people linked with these diseases? What are two things that life requires to function? What is a porphyrin ring?Anthrax is a bacteria that was studied by Robert Koch and lead to the development of Koch’s postulates. Yellow fever is a virus caused by mosquitos and lead to the Louisiana Purchase. Walter Reed determined the disease’s carrier. Two things we need to function are metabolism and a heredity mechanism. A porphyrin ring is a forerunner of chlorophyll and cytochromes. It leads to a greater energy yield.Lecture 3 (September 10)Who developed the swan neck flask and what did it disprove? What is the theory of endosymbiosis and the lines of evidence? Give me one example of both cell morphology and of an arrangement. Louis Pasteur developed the swan neck flask and it disproved spontaneous generation. The theory of endosymbiosis states that at some point a nucleated cell engulfed another cell and lived together and over time the endosymbiote devolved to become an organelle (no longer an independent organism). Lines of Evidence: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNAcircular, mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes 70’s not 80’s, and mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomal RNA who’s sequence is closely related to bacterial rRNA. One example of both is coccus and single.Lecture 4 (September 15)What are some functions of proteins and lipids? What are the polymers of nucleic acids and carbs?Some functions of protein are to build and repair muscles. Some functions of lipids are to structurally store energy. The polymer of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA and for carbs it is polysaccharides. Lecture 5 (September 17)What are some differences between Bacteria and Archaea lipid chemistry? What is the difference between gram positive and negative bacteria? Archaea use an ether bond rather than Uses an ether bond NOT ester to link side chains to glycerol in phospholipids. Side chains are hydrocarbons (made up of isoprene units) NOT fatty acids. Some!! Archaea form lipid monolayers NOT bilayers. Gram positive have a smoother layer while gram negative have a rougher surface and more layers. Both have peptidoglycan (PG) ***ONLY FOUND IN BACTERIA*** (small exception). Lecture 6 (September 22)Compare the presence or absence of peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, outer membrane, sensitivity to penicillin, and an s-layer in gram +bacteria, gram – bacteria, and Archaea. BacteriaGram +BacteriaGram -ArchaeaPeptidoglycan +Thick+Thin-Teichoic acid + - -Outer membrane _ + -Sensitive to penicillin + - -S-layer +Outside CW+Outside CW+As a CW or Outside CWLecture 7 (September 24)What are different types of motilities using flagella that cells utilize? Random walk, gliding, spirochetal motion, and twitching. Gliding is done on surfaces while spirochetal motility is good for viscous environments. Twitching uses pili. For many organisms, pili are only used for attachment. Fimbriae are even shorter than pili and are also used for attachment. Lecture 8 (September 29)What is an endospore?An endospore can be in or outside of a cell. It is made primarily by soil organisms and is known as a dormant resting body. It is the most resistant form known and is resistant to things like temperature, chemicals, radiation, and desiccation. This resistance can cause problems for other organisms. Lecture 9 (October 1)What are metabolism and anabolism? What are some nutrient requirements for cells? What is a growth curve and a continuous culture?Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions that occur in the cell while anabolism is the biosynthesis of cell components. Metabolism requires catabolism (general energy) and anabolism requires energy, substrates, and reducing power. Some nutrient requirements are trace elements, oxygen, and water. A growth curve shows the time the population takes to double. Growth rate increases in cells over time. A continuous culture has a continuous out flow and removes cells so there is no overcrowding. It also removes waste. Lecture 10 (October 6)What are Redox reactions? How do reduction potential towers work? What are some strategiesfor E generation?Redox reactions are a key to understanding most biological reactions. Reduction=gain/addition of e-. Oxidation=loss of e-. Reduction potential towers are measured electrically. The more negative, the better it donates, the more positive, the better it accepts. Electrons going up to their acceptor requires E while electrons going down, generates E . The Amount of E made is proportional to the difference between the initial e- donor and the terminal (final) e-acceptor. e- carriers DO NOT affect amount of E releases, but are important in trapping E. Some strategiesinclude fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, and catabolism. Lecture 11 (October 8)What is fermentation and respiration? What are the three parts to respiration?Fermentation is the oxidation (lost e-) of organic compounds where the e-generated are passed to an internal terminal e-acceptor (te-a). Respiration is the oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds, where the e- generated are passed through an e- transport chain (e-tc) to system (e-ts) an external terminal e- acceptor. The three parts to respiration are biochemical pathways,e- transport, and generating ATP through oxidative