Molecular Cell Lodish 7th EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapter 5- Glucose MetabolismCatabolic Pathways?-breaks down complex moleculesAnabolic Pathways?- synthesize complex molecules from simpler materialsHow can energy be gained? When organic molecules are oxidized. Oxidation releases the energy from bondsOxidation is the loss of? ElectronsReduction is the gain of? ElectronsWhat is the most commonly used energy source by all cells? GlucoseReview metabolic pathway of glycolysis! (Its main function? To break down glucose to pyruvate. To get energy in the form of ATP).What are the three step of fermentation?1. Human Lactic Acid2. Yeast Ethanol+CO23. Replenish NAD+Coenzyme Q= CoQ=Ubiquinone T/F? TRUEKnow the big picture of cellular respiration. Main function is to produce ATP. TCA cycle, Krebs cycle or Acetyl CoA cycle all mean the same thing.A molecule with a positive e- will have a higher affinity for e- than H+ T/F? TRUEChapter 6- Protein SynthesisWhat are proteins composed of? Amino acidsProteins are made by? RibosomesRibosomes are located in? CytoplasmWhat are the three rules in DNA photosynthesis?1. Base pairing2. Anti-parallel3. 5’-----3’ ( new nucleotide will ALWAYS add to the 3’ end prime)Remember that mRNA specifies amino acid through 3 letter genetic code1. Template base pair non-template DNA2. mRNA base pair with template3. mRNA base pair with tRNA4. mRNA specifies amino acidWhat is translation? Is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).What is transcription? Is the process that involves transcribing genetic information from DNA to RNA.Chapter 7- Regulation of gene expressionPromoter? Binding site for RNA polymerase Operator? Part of DNA that turns a gene “on” or “off” Operon? Includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a job.Under what conditions would you expect the trp operon to go from “OFF” to “ON” again? When there is no longer tryptophan available and all of it has been used up.Genes in highly compacted chromatin are generally not transcribed. T/F? TRUEIn alternative RNA splicing, different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. T/F? TRUEChapter 8- DNA replicationDNA: if T=20%, then G=? %....G=30% Amount of adenine = amount of thymine Amount of cytosine = amount of guanine********known as Chargaff’s Rules!DNA polymerase can only ADD nucleotides to a growing polymer. T/F? TRUEAnother enzyme, primase, synthesizes a short RNA chain called a primer. T/F? TRUEWhy isn’t DNA synthesized from 3’ to 5’? Reaction would not proceed as no high energy would be cleaved resulting in no energy to start polymerization.REMEMBER THE BIG PICTURE OF MISTAKES DURING REPLICATION!Base pairing rules must be maintained– Mistake = genome mutation, may have consequence on daughter cells• Only correct pairings fit in the polymerase active site• If wrong nucleotide is included– Polymerase uses its proofreading ability to cleave the phosphodiester bond of improper nucleotide• Activity 3’ TO 5’– And then adds correct nucleotide and proceeds down the chain again in the 5’ TO 3’ direction GOOD