Neural Control of BehaviorNervous SystemSlide 3Central Nervous SystemStimuli Integration & ProcessingCoordinate Appropriate ResponseCentral Nervous System Cannot Function without a Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nerves Travel to and from all the Tissues of Your BodyNervous System CellsNeuronSlide 12Neuron AnatomyDendritesSomaAxonTerminal EndingNeuron CommunicationSynaptic CleftNeurotransmitters Bind to Target Cell Cause Cellular Activities to ChangeAction PotentialIons Moving Creates an Electrical SignalSlide 23Behavior is a Response to Simple StimuliWestern GullBehavioral Response in ParentStimuli Does not need to be ComplexSimple Stimuli Triggers Complex BehaviorFixed Action PatternWhy are Fixed Action Patterns ImportantInnate Releasing MechanismCode BreakingCode Breaking- Alcon Blue ButterflyCode Breaking-Ichneumon waspCode Breaking- Brown Headed CowbirdInnate Releasing MechanismInnate Releasing Mechanism and Predator AvoidanceEcholocationEcholocation for Prey CaptureNoctuid Moth HearingNoctuid Moth Antidetection ResponseSlide 42Slide 43Central Pattern GeneratorSlide 45Central Pattern Generator-Tymbal OrgansSlide 47Escape behavior of sea slug TritoniaSlide 49Stimulus FilteringSlide 51Cortical MagnificationHuman Skin MechanoreceptorsSomatosensory CortexSlide 55Star-Nosed MoleStar Nose is a Star!MechanoreceptorsNot All Tentacles are Created Equal!Brain PowerSomatosensory IllustrationSmells Underwater!!Cost Benefit AnalysisNaked Mole RatCortical MagnificationSlide 66Adaptation of PerceptionUltraviolet SpectrumUV Spectrum- Food IdentificationMate SelectionUV Spectrum- Mate SelectionStrength SignalUV Spectrum- Strength SignalAre Human Sensory Perceptions Adapted to our Lifestyles?SourcesSlide 76Neural Control of BehaviorNervous System•Nervous system is the foundation of animal behavior•Nervous systems can generate complex responses to very simple stimuliNervous System•Internal communication system–Conveys sensory information–Sends controlling (motor) information•2 main divisions–Central nervous system•Brain & Spinal cord–Periphieral nervous system •Nerve networkCentral Nervous System•Components–Brain–Spinal cord•Functions–Stimuli integration & processing–Higher brain functions–Coordinate appropriate responseStimuli Integration & Processing•Internal–Temperature, blood pressure, pH, O2, CO2•External–Light, sound, touch, tasteCoordinate Appropriate ResponseProcesses stimuli & coordinates and appropriate responseMessage sent to an effector tissueMuscle- contractionsGland- secretionsNerves- neural signalCentral Nervous System Cannot Function without a Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System•Peripheral nerves carry information to and from central nervous system•Function–Perceive environmental changes•Internal or external•Sensory stimuli to CNS–Sends (transduce)•Motor stimuli to effector tissues–Muscles/ glandsPeripheral Nerves Travel to and from all the Tissues of Your BodyNervous System Cells•Neuron–Nerve cell–Highly specialized for carrying information•Neuroglia–“Helper cells”–Support, nourish, protect, & assist neurons–5X more numerousNeuronNeuronFunctional nerve cellSpecialized cells that respond to physical and chemical stimuliNerve electrical signals- action potentialMaintain with sodium potassium pumps1-280 meters/secondRelease chemical regulatorsNeurotransmittersEnable the perception of Sensory stimuli External- lt., sound, touchInternal- Body temp, blood pressure, pH, O2 contentProcess learning and memoryControl muscle contractionsNeuron Anatomy•Dendrites•Soma•Axon•Terminal EndingDendrites•Dendrites•Multiple cellular extensions designed to collect stimuli•Receive stimuli & conduct electrical signal to cell body= Soma•Dendrites can be diverse in the types of information they processSoma•Cell body contains nucleus and cell organelles•Acts as an integration center for stimuli being received by the cell•Initiates the action potential at a region known as the axon hillockAxon•Longest portion of neuron•Carries electrical signal away from the soma•Vary in length•1mm up to 1 meterTerminal Ending•End of neuron which will release chemical neurotransmitter•Synaptic knob contains neurotransmitters•Does not physically touch the effector tissueNeuron Communication•Synapse–Functional connection between neuron & target cell–Cell receiving message can either be stimulated or inhibited•Synaptic clef–Actual space between 2 communicating cells•Neurotransmitter–Released by communicating neuron to convey signal–Diffuse across clef–Affect target cell activitySynaptic Clef•Neurotransmitter will communicate with protein receptors on the target cellNeurotransmitters Bind to Target Cell Cause Cellular Activities to ChangeAction Potential•Action potential is an all or nothing electrical signal used by neurons and cells to communicate information•Threshold–Once reached causes depolarization that triggers action potential•Depolarization–Na+ channels open increases flow of Na+ into cell–Reduces net charge of membrane–Stimulates neighboring channels to openIons Moving Creates an Electrical SignalElectrochemical gradientResting membrane potential -70 mV in cellInsideMore Potassium (K+) than outsideNegatively charged proteinsOutsideMore Sodium (Na+) than insideChloride (Cl-)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCasruJT-Dhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJe3_3XsBOgBehavior is a Response to Simple Stimuli•Stimuli is perceived by the peripheral nervous system•Information is transduced to the Central nervous system–Appropriate response is coordinated•Message is transduced to target tissue by the Peripheral nervous systemWestern Gull•External stimuli received–Parents bill •Information processed by baby’s CNS•Appropriate response coordinated –Peck at billBehavioral Response in Parent•External stimuli received–Bill pecked•Information processed by Parent’s CNS•Appropriate response coordinated –Regurgitate foodStimuli Does not need to be Complex•Niko Tinbergen Western Gull experiment•Illustrated that all baby gulls were responding to was shape of bill and red dot•Simple visual response elicits behavioral response•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOWPt2gPXZ0&feature=relatedSimple Stimuli Triggers Complex Behavior•Greylag goose egg