Welcome to ANP 213•Introduction, Syllabus and Attendance•Chapter 1- Overview of Anatomy and Physiology•Chapter 2- Chemistry ReviewChapter 1•“Form fits function”•Homeostasis•Levels of organizationWhat is ‘ANP’? •Anatomy-•Physiology-Form Fits Function•Are anatomy and physiology really that different? •You need to understand the parts and how they are put together to know how they work•If you know what a body structure does, you can usually predict how it is organized to do its jobAnother ExampleRadiusUlna19 hand bones!Why does this bone have a huge hole in it?Vertebral foramenHomeostasis•Homeostasis-•Or-•Significance of maintaining homeostasis?–Examples •Both the nervous system and endocrine system play important roles in maintaining homeostasisSeattleLinkHomeostasis and Feedback Loops•All systems involve three components: a ‘receptor’, a control center and an effector RECEPTOR (ie. free nerve ending in the skin)CONTROL CENTER(such as the brain)EFFECTOR(such as a muscle, or a gland)Stimulus (input into the system)The response to the stimulus leads to change. The change is ‘fed back’ to the receptor. Response(system’s output)Homeostasis and Feedback Loops•In negative feedback a stimulus causes a response which works to reduce/counteract the stimulus–Stabilizing–Examples?•In positive feedback a stimulus causes a response which further increases the stimulus–Examples?To truly understand ANP, we have to start small•How small?•Chemistry small!•How big is an atom?The approximate atomic radius of an atom of gold is 0.1441 nanometers or 0.1441 x 10-9 meters (i.e. 0.1441 millionth of a millimeter!)Remember that all living things are made of cellsCARBON ATOMMacromoleculesorganismLiving things exhibit “Levels of Organization”Molecular: DNACellular: Kidney CellTissue: Kidney TissueOrgan: Frog KidneyOrganismal: A frogCellsNucleus within cellLife begins at the cellMolecules: Nucleic AcidsA CellDNA is a macromolecule, comprised of many molecules. Molecules are made up of atoms!!nucleusCarbon atomMacromolecule: DNAChapter 2- Chemistry review•What is Chemistry?•Atoms and Subatomic Particles•Chemical Bonds•H2O•Hydrophilic, hydrophobic•Chemical Reactions•Enzymes•Organic compounds- Macromolecules•Chemistry- •Matter-•Smallest stable units of mass are atomsCLIFFS NOTESCHEMISTRYWhy is Chemistry Important to Anatomy and Physiology?CARBON ATOM++•Atoms are composed of 3 subatomic particlesThe Structure of Atoms1. Protons 2. Neutrons3. Electrons ]Packed in the atomic nucleusOrbit the nucleusHow many electrons does a carbon atom have?CARBON ATOM++The Structure of AtomsHow many protons, neutrons and electrons does a helium atom have?What is the overall charge, if any, of a helium atom? HELIUM ATOMElements•Mass of an atom is determined by the # of protons and neutrons…atomic weight•Atoms can be classified into groups called elements•Each element has its own atomic number•You can find all of them on the periodic tableCARBON ATOMAtomic number++How many elements are found in the human body?•13 principal elements–Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur•13 trace elementsIron, iodine, zinc, etc.Atoms have electrons in electron shellsElectron Shells•The first electron shell holds only 2 electrons•The next electron shell holds up to 8 electrons•The four elements most abundant in living things only have these two shellsIn case you forgot those four elements, they are:HYDROGENCARBONNITROGENOXYGENAtoms of the four elements most abundant in the human bodyElectronFirstelectron shell(can hold2 electrons)Outermostelectron shell(can hold8 electrons)Carbon (C)Atomic number = 6Nitrogen (N)Atomic number = 7Oxygen (O)Atomic number = 8Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1Atoms ‘prefer’ to have their outer shell FILLED with electrons- The Octet RuleOxygen (O)Atomic number = 8Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1I, HYDROGEN, would prefer to have 2 electrons in my outer shell, and not just 1!I, OXYGEN, would strongly prefer to have 8 electrons in my outer shell, and not 6!The Bumper Car AnalogyOxygen (O)Atomic number = 8Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1I would prefer to have 2 electrons in my outer shell, and not just 1!I would strongly prefer to have 8 electrons in my outer shell, and not 6!Atoms can ‘fill’ their outer electron shells by forming chemical bonds with other atoms•Octet Rule•Atoms can steal electrons from other atoms; atoms can lose electrons to other atoms–Ions and Ionic bonds•Atoms can share electrons with another atom or atoms–Covalent bondsChemical Bonds•Ionic bonds•Covalent bonds–Polar covalent bonds•Hydrogen bondsIonic bonds are formed between ions•Remember that the atoms we have discussed so far are electrically neutral•They are neutral because the number of protons (+) was equal to the number of electrons (e-)•An ion is a charged species–Anions–CationsAnions and Cations•If an atoms gains an electron (e-), what happens to its electrical charge?•If an atom loses an electron (e-) what happens to its electrical charge?Formation of a sodium ion, Na+e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Ionic bonds are formed between ionsCovalent bonds occur when atoms share electronsor H-H or H2HHe- e-A single covalent bond is formed between two hydrogen atoms. The two atoms share a pair of electrons.The two electrons then orbit around both atoms’ nuclei.Covalent Bonds•For every pair of electrons shared between two atoms, a single covalent bond is formed. –In H2 there is ONE covalent bond•Some atoms can share multiple pairs of electrons, forming multiple covalent bonds. Everyone is happy when they share.Methane is a simple compound, consisting of one atom of carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms.In methane, Carbon has four covalent bonds to 4 different hydrogen atomsCovalent BondsCHHHHCovalent Bonds•Are strong because the shared electrons hold the atoms together•Typically, the atoms involved in covalent bonds remain electrically neutral•Found in most of the carbon-containing structural components of living thingsHHe- e-Covalent bonds are a true sharing of electronsIonic and covalent bonds form…•Molecules- a chemical structure containing two or more atoms that are held together by covalent bonds •Compounds- a chemical substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elementsPolar Covalent Bonds•Polar covalent bonds are a type of