CHEM 102 Chapter 6 Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Structure of AlcoholsII. Bonding in AlcoholsIII. Constitutional Isomers and /naming AlcoholsIV. Physical Properties of AlcoholsV. Oxidation and Dehydration of AlcoholsVI. Recognizing PhenolsVII. Recognizing EthersVIII. Naming EthersOutline of Current Lecture I. Formation of Ethers from Alcohols II. Identifying Aldehydes and KetonesIII. The Carbonyl GroupIV. Naming Aldehydes and KetonesV. Physical Properties of Aldehydes and KetonesVI. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions of Aldehydes and KetonesVII. Formation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols Current LectureFormation of Ethers from AlcoholsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Adding an acid to a primary alcohol will make an Ether at temperatures 140 degrees Celsius and below. *Remember that 2 molecules always react with eachother, so even if there is only one moleculeshown, you can assume there are two of the same molecule.* EX. 1. In this example, propanol reacts with H+ ( an acid) at temperature of 140 degrees Celsius, so we know the product will be an Ether. 2. Since a molecule can’t react with itself, we assume there is another of the same molecule that it reacts with. Put them next to each other, mirrored, as shown, and getrid of a H2O molecule (Where the H, H, and O are crossed out. 3. Now the remaining O goes in the middle, and the remaining carbons surround it4. Name the coumpound (in the red box)Chapter 6 : Identifying Aldehydes and KetonesFirst of all, both Aldehydes and Ketones contain the Carbonyl group, which is an oxygen double bonded to a Carbon, and a hydrogen coming off that carbon. *Aldehydes have the Carbonyl group on the end of the parent chain* Both are Trigonal Planar*Ketones have the Carbonyl group on a secondary carbon in the chain*Naming Aldehydes1. Find the parent chain that contains the carbonyl group (include the carbon for the carbonyl group in the parent chain)2. Change the ending of the parents chain from –e to –al3. Name everything else normallyEX. CH3CH2CH2CHO (CHO in yellow is the carboxyl group)Naming Ketones1. Find the parent chains C=O (Must not be at the end or it is an aldehyde) 2. Drop the –e ending and add an –one ending3. The lowest number shows where the C=O is on the carbon chain4. Name and number everything ease as normalEX. CH3C(=O)CH3 EX. Find the constitutional isomers for C4H8O*Remember the formulas for different families* (see table below)Family Molecular FormulaAlkane CnH2n+2Alkene CnH2nCycloalkane CnH2nAlcohol/Ether CnH2n+2OAldehyde/Ketone CnH2nOPhysical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones*Higher boiling point and melting points than corresponding hydrocarbons, but lower than alcohols*Same water solubility as Alcohols*Higher boiling point is due to dipole-dipole forces*NO HYDROGEN BONDINGOxidation of Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids by taking a hydrogen off the oxygen, and a hydrogen from the carbon connected to the oxygen. When these hydrogens are taken off, a double bond form between the carbon and the oxygen*Aldehydes react with acids. Some acids may be H+, KMnO4 , or MnO4Reduction Reactions Reduction is basically the addition of Hydrogen atoms, so do the oxidation reaction