Beak of the FinchWhat forces of evolution and evolutionary concepts did you see in Beak of the Finch? Keep in mind that you wereexpected to read chapters 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, and 16. Do not limit your examples to those seen with finches.How many different examples can you come up with for each? How were these effects measured?Natural selection: if2 species f inches who eat the same stay in the same habitat, they woul enter in conflict , thefittest survive.. hibrids .. mate preference , they choose the bigger malesMutation: the change on size of the finches and the size on their beaks Gene flow: the hibridation, the increase in # of finches so they could mate . interato among diff populations ,. This effects were messured by the counting of the number f finches , pro=ior the increase of rain and after, alsothey measured their beaks so they culd know what finch was it and if they had a successful reproductive ligfe ornot Human AdaptationsWe went over material about four genetic adaptations in recitation: high-altitude stress, lactase persistence, skincolor, and malaria. What conditions caused these adaptations to occur and why can these be considered to becultural adaptations?Environment, wheater, climate caused the adaptations and are cultural because as they are limited to a region ,they can only be found among a certain number of people who share the same ethnic bacgrund and the sameculture.a. high-altitude stressWhat are the effects of high-altitude and why would a genetic adaptation have been selected for? Is thisone genetic mutation or multiple? Biologically, how does this adaptation aid Tibetans in living at high populations?Hypoxia: falta de oxigeno, produce + blood cells , high hemoglobin, maros, nauseas, falat d eapetito. (mntsh)+levelpf respiration(Days)The genetic adaptation increased the lung capacity of the people living n high altitudes in rdr that they wouldnevere present mountain sickeness . it s a multiple mutationthat affects not only eir lungs capacity but the amoundof emoglobin in their blood , have a lhigher right ventricle and delage of maturationThs gives tehm mor eTibetans have better oxygenation at birth, enlarged lung volumes throughout life, and ahigher capacity for exercise. They show a sustained increase in cerebral blood flow, lower haemoglobinconcentration, and less susceptibility to chronic mountain sickness than other populationsb. lactase persistenceIn what populations do we see high levels of lactase persistence? What do these populations have incommon? Why would this adaptation have been selected for, and how is this different depending on geographiclocation? What type of evolution is this?Arabian nomadic pop.Northern EuropePastoralism pop in Africa They all have a diet based on milk to survive, the majority of them are pastorlims. They need to survive so they need to keep eating milk, they eatdiffrenet kinda fan imal milks. In places were peopledo noy have ahstory of milk consumption they are not lactose persinatnce. This is convergent evolution it means indp evolution of similar features in dif pop.c. skin colorWhat determines the color of skin? How is skin color distributed across the globe? What are the differenttheories surrounding the function of skin and depigmentation? What are the arguments for and against thesetheories?eumelanin and pheomelanin, more than 20 genes are responsibles of sking color and this depends on uv radiation in the equator is darker than in the north (gloger’s rule ) Some theorires rgue that it is for prevent the Human skin pigmentation evolved to protect against UV radiation-Skin cancer becomes a health concern (Dark skin pigmentation is advantageous) - migration of humans has led to environments that vary from those of ancestors- Variation location, lifestyle, and skin pigmentation can leave people susceptible to radiation relateddiseases-Low Vitamin D synthesis (Rickets: low access to UVB, Osteoporosis: absorb low levels of Vit D)- claim itself has been proven to be invalid based on the current research available and stresses theimportance of discovering new ideas for the role of vitamin D in skin pigmentation- It is important to recognize that the vitamin D hypothesis is a widespread and popular idea of how skinpigmentation has varied over time based on evolutionary principles and is supported somewhat heavilywith evidence- There are still doubts surrounding the claim and many counter-arguments that describe some of theevidence that has been discovered regarding the claim itself-Multiple Sclerosis: low exposure to UVB and low Vitamin D- Insufficient UVB exposure is related to the inability to maintain necessary Vitamin D and is exemplified byrickets and MS- Over exposure to UVR can damage DNA and can lead to cutaneous malignant melanoma - The prevalence of these diseases vary with differences in skin pigmentation (DC - Dominique- Pigmentation related to acestral location. Dark- near equator, Light- near polesDark skin more resistant to infctions . it protects against bacteries, and is dry d. malariaWhat is malaria and how is it transmitted? What species of plasmodium cause malaria, and how do theyaffect people differently? How do the three different adaptations we looked at help the body deal with malaria?Which adaptations are associated with which type of malaria?Malaria is a life-threatening blood disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted to humans bythe AnophelesmosquitoFive species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are causedby P. falciparum and P. vivax, whileP. ovale, and P. malariae cause a generally milder formFocuse o 2:P. falciparum n P. vivax 3 adaptations :HBSallele agaist falciparum , - parasite dens. Limit disease progress@thalasemia agsis falciparium , lim. The disease progressionG6PD – MOHIDAL , agains vivax , - par, demsityNamesCharles Darwin:• Born into a wealthy British family, grandson of physician Erasmus Darwin • His father, who was also a physician, feared Charles would become a wastrel, so he sent him to medicalschool in Edinburgh • There Darwin met professors who were supporters of Lamarck’s theories• While at Cambridge, he participated in many geological expeditions and cultivated his interest in naturalhistory • Graduated from Cambridge