DOC PREVIEW
UNT BIOL 3451 - Extranuclear Inheritance and DNA Structure and Analysis
Type Lecture Note
Pages 6

This preview shows page 1-2 out of 6 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 6 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 6 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 6 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

BIOL 3451 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. 8.5 Variation Occurs in the Internal Composition and Arrangement of ChromosomesII. 8.6 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of the Genetic MaterialIII. 8.7 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene SequenceIV. 8.8 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the GenomeV. 8.9 Fragile Sites in Humans Are Susceptible to Chromosome BreakageVI. 9.1 Organelle Heredity Involves DNA in Chloroplasts and MitochondriaVII. 9.2 Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle HeredityVIII. 9.3 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human DisordersOutline of Current Lecture I. 9.2 Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle HeredityII. 9.3 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human DisordersIII. 9.4 In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has Strong Influence during Early DevelopmentIV. 10.1 Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four CharacteristicsV. 10.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic MaterialVI. 10.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Studyof Bacteria and BacteriophagesVII. 10.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Materialin EukaryotesVIII. 10.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some VirusesIX. 10.6 Knowledge of Nucleic Acid Chemistry Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure X. 10.7 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its FunctionXI. 10.8 Alternative Forms of DNA ExistXII. 10.9 The Structure of RNA is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single StrandedXIII. 10.10 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNACurrent LectureI. 9.2 Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle Heredity- Chloroplast DNA Genes encoded involve photosynthesis and translation Mutations of these genes will inactivate photosynthesis- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Smaller than chloroplast DNA, introns not there (because they came from what we think was an intron absent organism), gene repetitions rare Most of protein encoding genes are located on single strand  Replication dependent on genes encoded in nucleus 1. Figure 9.8: Doesn’t really show all of the nuclear contributionII. 9.3 Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human Disorders- Human mtDNA has about 16,569 base pairs coding for 13 of 70 aerobic cellular respiration (minimum number you can have)- mtDNA susceptible to mutations no histones to protect from mutations high concentration of oxygen species- heteroplasmy: adult cells have variable mixture of normal (wildtype) and abnormal organelles zygote gets mutated - human disorder to be attributed to mtDNA: must exhibit maternal inheritance pattern must reflect deficiency in the bioenergetics function of organelle (ATP function) must be specific mutation in a mitochondrial gene- Three disorders arising from mtDNA: (usually muscular or neural? bc use the most ATP) myoclonic epilepsy and raged red fiber (MERRF): very bad,  Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON): eyes Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)- Study of hereditary mitochondrial based disorders provides insights into  Organelle normal development Relationship between mitochondrial function and neuromuscular and neurological disorders Defective mtDNA implicated in aging processIII. 9.4 In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has Strong Influence during Early Development- Maternal effect: offspring’s phenotype under control of gene products in egg (maternal phenotype encode ribosomal proteins for offspring)- Nuclear genes in female gamete transcribed, accumulate, and then influence- Caterpillar example (figure 9.10)- Snail example (figure 9.11) Once set, can’t really change- Drosophila (embryonic development) strongly affected by maternal effect Protein products of maternal-effect genes function to activate other genes- Mom synthesizes these in developing egg and stored in oocyte before fertilization, then these products specify gradients which determine spatial organization in zygoteIV. 10.1 Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics- To be genetic material must do: Replicate Store information Express information Allow variation by mutation (evolution through natural selection so material can’t be permanent)- Central Dogma DNA--(transcription)--RNA--(translation)—proteinV. 10.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material- Before then, nobody really knew, and those that did, were wrong- Oswald, Avery, MacLeod Genetic Material is physically transmitted from parent to offspring Proteins and nucleic acids were thought to be genetic material- Proteins more diverse and abundant in cells- Subject of most active areas of genetic research; DNA thought to be too simple to be genetic material (only 4 types of nucleotides)VI. 10.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study ofBacteria and Bacteriophages- Griffith used diplococcus pneumoniae to be transformed to virulence (Figure 10.2)- Transforming principle: part of polysaccharide capsule or a compound required for capsule synthesis- Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Found that it was DNA not protein 1944; by looking at experiment done by Griffith- Hershey and Chase used E. coli to demonstrate that DNA is genetic material DNA enters bacterial cell during infection and directs viral reproduction (10.4 and 10.5)- Transfection: (in bacterial only) process of infection by viral DNA Proved that viral DNA alone had all necessary info for production of mature virusesVII. 10.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes- Protein is abundant in cytoplasm- DNA in nucleus mitochondria (and other organelles) DNA found only where primary function occurs thus showing that DNA is genetic material- UV light: induces mutations, well absorbed by DNA (nucleic acids) at 260nm Wavelength where no significant mutagenic affects is where DNA doesn’t absorb atas well. Also shows that DNA is genetic material- Recombinant DNA technology: where direct evidence for DNA comes from- Putting eukaryotic DNA in


View Full Document

UNT BIOL 3451 - Extranuclear Inheritance and DNA Structure and Analysis

Type: Lecture Note
Pages: 6
Documents in this Course
Load more
Download Extranuclear Inheritance and DNA Structure and Analysis
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Extranuclear Inheritance and DNA Structure and Analysis and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Extranuclear Inheritance and DNA Structure and Analysis 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?