1) What are the (4) four subfields of political science and how are they defined?The subfields of political science are comparative politics, American politics,international relations, and political theory. Outside of the US, American politics issimply a part of comparative politics. These subsets of political science “are usuallydefined by their subject matter, rather than their mode of analysis.” Page 18-192) What is the difference in normative political theory and empirical political theory?While normative politics theory deals with questions of “should”, empirical politicaltheory deals with observable real-world data to develop descriptive claims about thepolitical world. An example of normative politics question would be, “Should thegovernment bailout failing industries for the good of the economy as a whole.” Anexample of an empirical political question would be, “What effect does poverty have onthe level of participation in terrorist group in the Middle East.” Page 293) Define political ideology and explain the (3) three central concerns most politicalideologies seek to explain. A political ideology is a “comprehensive set of beliefs about the political world- aboutdesirable political goals and the best ways to achieve those goals.” Most politicalideologies attempt to explain individual human nature; the proper relationship betweenindividual, state, and society; the desirability of establishing equality among individuals.Page 31-324) Explain what the term individual means in reference to political ideology.Political ideologies attempt to explain the innate nature of man. Is man born with hisbeliefs and values or are they merely a product of his experiences/environment.Commonly referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”5) Explain the concept of individual, state, and society relationships in reference topolitical ideology.Most political ideologies attempt to explain the type of relationship an individual shouldhave with his state/society. How should he balance his self needs/freedoms with thoseof society and the state as a whole. Is individual freedom more important or thecollective good of society? Page 326) Explain the three (3) types of equality that political ideologies attempt to achieve.a. Legal equality: every person should be equal before the law, have the same politicalrights, and enjoy the same equality of opportunities. b. Material equality: Every person should have comparable levels of benefits/goods.c. Unequal (not a book term): people and situations are by nature unequal and thus itis neither possible nor desirable to legislate equality. Page 327) Define Conservatism.Conservatism is the attempt to prevent/slow the transition away from a society’straditional values/customs and the existing social hierarchy. Places high importance onstability, tradition, and loyalty to God and country. The relationship of the individual tosociety and the antipathy to egalitarianism (equality of condition) are core concepts.Page 338) Define Classical Liberalism.Classical Liberalism places the highest value on individual freedom with a desire for thegovernment to be very limited. Values personal liberties over the common good ofsociety. The individual should live responsibly but is free to live according to his/herbeliefs. Page 349) Define Socialism.Socialism seeks to achieve high-quality but relatively equal conditions of life foreveryone through an active state government. Attempt to bring empower all classes ofsociety, such as the power/politically powerless, whom political philosophers viewedwere neglected by Conservatism and Classical Liberalism. “Economic and political powercould be directed to benefit all groups in society.” Page 3610) Define Marxist-Leninist Socialism.A variant of socialism that made three (3) assumptions regarding “the forceful actionsnecessary to produce equality and social justices.” These assumptions are:a) The established socioeconomic elite will resist change by every means necessary,thus change requires a violent overthrow of the established order.b) The government’s most important task is the reconstruction of the economic system,with public ownership over all major resources, and the distribution of goods andservices based on human needc) A small, dictatorial leadership group must be empowered to manage thegovernment and effect the complex changes in the economy and society. Page 3711) Define Democratic Socialism.Another variant of socialism that focuses on the equality of condition as its primary goal,and assumes that the changes can be effected by a government that comes to powerand rules by democratic means. Its main difference with Marxist-Leninism is its beliefthat violence is not necessary to enact change. Through public election, officials willenact policies that help to minimalize the inequality of condition in society. Page 3812) What is facism?“A system in which the unity and harmony of government and society are of centralimportance and forces that might weaken that unity are repressed. A top leader isusually viewed as the embodiment of the natural will, and all individuals are expected toobey the leader’s will.” Page 4013) What are the three (3) types of political orientations?a) Cognitive orientations: an individual’s knowledge about the political world. b) Affective orientations: includes an individual’s feels or emotions evoked in a personby political phenomena. c) Evaluative orientation: a synthesis of facts and feelings into a judgment about somepolitical phenomena. Page 42-4314) Define the term political belief system.Political belief system refers to the configuration of an individual’s political orientations.This is a network of cognitive, affective, and evaluative beliefs serve as a basicframework for a person’s views on political matters. Can change and develop over timeas new information is gathered. Page 4515) What are public opinion polls?Also referred to as survey research, they constitute the most widely available data aboutpeople’s political orientations. They are made up by gathering, aggregating, andsummarizing the attitudes of many