ASTR 1010 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 - 12Lecture 9 (September 25)The Solar SystemDefine Terrestrial and Jovial planets,Terrestrial planets are rocky, relatively small, and close to the sun.Jovian planets are gaseous, larger, and further from the sun.Name and describe Jupiter’s four moons.1. Io (innermost moon): Has active volcanoes all over2. Europa: possible subsurface ocean3. Ganymede: Largest moon in solar system4. Calisto: A large, cratered iceballLecture 10 (September 30) Light & WavesDefine wavelength and frequency.Wavelength: distance between two wave peaksFrequency: Number of times per second that a wave vibrates up and downList the types of waves on the spectrum in order of frequency.- Radio- Microwaves- Infrared- Visible- Ultraviolet- X-rays- Gamma RaysLecture 11 (October 2) The Doppler EffectWhat are the characteristics of the Doppler Effect?- When the source and/or observer move toward one another, the detected wavelength is shorter than the source wavelength, so it has been “shifted” to a shorter wavelength (has higher frequency).- When the source and/or observer move away from one another, the detected wavelength is longer than the source wavelength, so it has been “shifted” to a longer wavelength (has lower frequency). - The greater the shift, the greater the relative speed between the source and observer.-The effect does not depend on the distance between the source and the observer.What is the difference between a redshift and a blueshift?Light that has been shifted to higher frequencies due to approach is called blueshifted light and light shifted to lower frequencies is called redshifted light.What is the formula to find out if a wave is redshifted or blueshifted?∆ λλ=vcLecture 12 (October 4)TelescopesDefine light collecting area, angular resolution, magnification, and aperture.Light collecting area: telescopes with a larger collecting area can gather a greater amount of light in a shorter time. A telescope’s diameter tells us it’s LCA. d2¿¿Area=x ¿Angular resolution: The minimum angular separation a telescope can distinguish. The smaller, or better, angular resolution is found with a larger telescope diameter and smaller wavelengths of light.Magnification: how much larger the image appears in the telescopes vs the skyAperture: diameter of the telescope. The bigger the diameter, the more lightit gathers in the same time, so it can see fainter objectsDefine refracting and reflecting telescopes and give the formulas for focal length and magnification.Refracting telescope: focuses light with lenses. Reflecting telescope: focuses light with mirrorsFocal ratio = focal length/lens diameterMagnification = FL (of telescope)/FL (of eyepiece)What is Chromatic Aberration?Chromatic aberration: Occurs in refracting telescopes, where colors focus at different distancesList formulas for RP and LGPResolving power (RP) = 1diameter Smaller is betterLight Gathering Power (LGP) = D2= Area Larger diameter, better imageWhat is an interferometer?An interferometer combines light from several small telescopes to yield the power of a much larger telescope. The larger the separation, the better the results.*Extra Stuff Mentioned in LecturesPhase of Moon on 10.9.14Waning GibbousExtra NotesApparent Retrograde: is the apparent motion of a planet to move in a direction opposite to that of other bodies within its system, as observed from a particular vantage point. Occurs between two points of quadrature nearest opposition.Superior Planets: any of the planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) whose orbits are further from the sun than the Earth's.Inferior Planets: either of the two planets Mercury and Venus, whose orbits are closer to the sun than the Earth's.Superior Conjunction: a conjunction of Mercury or Venus with the sun, when the planet and the earth are on opposite sides of the sunInferior Conjunction: a conjunction of Mercury or Venus with the sun, in which the planet and the earth are on the same side of the sun.Conjunction: the action or an instance of two or more events or things occurring at the same point in time or space.Elongation: the angle between the Sun and the planet, with Earth as the reference point. The greatest elongation of a given planet occurs when this inner planet’s position, in its orbital path to the Sun, is at tangent to the observer on Earth.Quadrature: the position of the moon or a planet when it is 90° from the sunas viewed from the earth.Synodic Period: the time between consecutive occurrences of a particular planetary configuration.S = synodic periodP = sidereal periodE = Earth’s sidereal period1E=1 revolutionyear1S=1E−1P(Superior planet )1S=1P−1E(Inferior planet )Table 7.1 of Planet Info:Table 7.2 of Jovial and Terrestrial