Biol 301 1nd Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Social BehaviorsII. Social Behavior TypesIII. Eusocial AnimalsOutline of Current Lecture II. Species InteractionsIII. Effects of PredatorsIV. Population CyclesCurrent LectureSpecies Interactions- Neutralism - No effect/insignificant effect interaction. Unlikely to exist, difficult to prove; scientifically uninteresting- Amensalism – No effect for one, negative effect for another- Commensalism - No effect for one, positive effect for another- Competition – Negative effect for both species- Mutualism – Beneficial for both speices- Consumer-Resource interactions – Consumers abound (with many names). Predator, parasite, parasitoid, herbivore, detritivore.o Predator/Preyo Plant/Herbivoreo Parasitoid/Hosto Parasite/HostEffects of predators- For the past century, researchers have repeatedly observed large effects of predators on prey populations.- Introduced, exotic, or non-native species are introduced to a region of the world where they have not historically existed.- Invasive species are introduced species that spread rapidly and negatively affect other species.- Parasitoids are a unique type of predator that can also limit the abundance of prey.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Mesopredators: relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores (e.g., coyotes, weasels, feral cats).- Top predators: predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators (e.g., mountain lions, wolves, sharks). Humans have reduced or eliminated the world’s top predators, which has allowed many mesopredators to expand their geographic ranges. This has had dramatic effects on mesopredator prey populations.- Herbivores can have substantial effects on the species they consume. The effects of herbivores may be seen by fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing.Population Cycles- The synchrony of population cycles between consumers and the populations they consume suggests that these oscillations are the result of interactions between
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