POL 202 Int. Relations Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1-3 (9/3-9/08)Difference between a nation and a state?Nation: people who share a common language, race, decent, and or history. A state is sovereign entity with a legal “personality”.Criteria under the Montevideo Convention?Permanent population defined territory government, capacity to enter into relations with other states.Most important requirement for achieving statehood under the constitutive theory?Must be recognized by existing states, follows congress of Vienna, recognition of 39 states in practice meant recognition of great powers.What is meant by anarchy of relations?Recognition by great powers, no international or global governing authority, states obligated to act in own best interest.Explain the lasting significance of Peace of Westphalia?Stabilized borders, helped resolve religious conflicts, beginning of modern system of states, European states system eventually expands to encompass established sovereignty globe.Mercantilism?Use of military power to enrich imperial governments.Sovereignty? Why is it important in international relations?States have legal and political supremacy, nothing higher than the state, expected to respect oneanother’s boundariesPax Britannica? When did it occur?British Peace, Hundred years peace, 1815-1914, Europe helping economically and relatively peacefully, Waterloo and beg of WWIIPrincipal antagonists of Cold War? Approximately when did it occur?US- Ronald RaeganUUSR- Mikhail Gorbachev; 1945-1990Role of UN differ in the Persian Gulf conflict of 1990-91 and the invasion of Iraq in 2003?Persian Gulf acts on all necessary means and invasion of Iraq US and United Kingdom invaded Iraq because UN took too long.Lecture 2 (September 9) Identify two principal cold War AlliancesNATO-US, Warsaw Pact- Soviet UnionWhat is a dominant strategy in game theory? In Prisoners Dilemma?The same choice regardless of what the opponent does. Both go to jail and split loot later.What is meant by equilibrium in game theory?Outcome that arises from each side playing best response strategiesDifference between cooperative interactions and bargaining interactions?Cooperative working together and better off than if working alone. Bargaining: one party gains something at the other parties’ expense.Two key qualities of public goodsSocially desirable products that non excludable (if I’m protected from attack then you are too), non-rival consumption (I want the good that can be provided but just because I like it that much does not mean that It will diminish from being provided to other people)Collective action problem?Want benefits but won’t work or pay for it (taxes and social security)How does linkage work to facilitate cooperation?Since cooperation on one issue affects the second issue then they will cooperate to not make theopposing party think that they will not cooperateHow does iteration work to facilitate cooperation?Since they will have to work in the future they will continue to work well together so that they will break no bonds; working repeatedlyExplain the meaning of Power?Making the opposing party, A, do what you don’t want to do, B.Lecture 4-6 (9/10-9/15)Principle insight of the bargaining theory?Compromising at the expense of the other, ex policies or then disputes ariseBargaining Range?Deal that both sides are willing to compromise with instead of warDifference between compellence and deterrence?Compellence is changing the status quo through threat of force and deterrence is preserving the status quo through threat of force.Two elements of a bargaining situation that will most likely lead to incomplete informationLacking information about the other parties interests and or capabilitiesWhat is meant by brinksmanship? Useful in bargaining situation?Both parties keep increasing threats and whichever one falls loses (“slippery slope”). Brink of war.What is meant by tying of hands? Useful in a bargaining situation?Making threats that makes backing down difficult. Threats are too harsh and I will win at your expense.What makes a good indivisible and how does indivisibility affect prospects of war?Good that can be divided without diminishing value. Wars are not fighting for 50/50, fighting for all of nothing.What are commitment problems? Why do they affect the likelihood of war?Making promises but don’t follow up of deal/threat later. If you don’t keep promise dispute will arise.Identify three strategies to make war less likelyRaising costs of warIncreasing transparencyDividing apparently indivisible goodsLecture 7-9 (9/19-9/24)What is the unitary actor assumption?Individuals with different interest that come into playWhat does the phrase “where you stand depends on where you sit” mean?Leaders of beuorocrat agencies take political stands that reflect organization’s needs.What is the rally effect? Give historical examplePeople tendency to support government during crisis, September 11. Supported George W Bush.What is meant by the divisionary incentive?Temptation to spark and international crisis in order to rally public support at home.What is meant by the military/industrial complex?Alliance or military leaders and arms manufacturers who presumably have vested interests in aggressive foreign policy.What is the distinction between hawks and doves in the context of foreign policy?Hawks favor military mean, doves oppose military meansWhat is meant by the democratic peace?Everyone is in good standing democratic mature, statesIdentify and explain the two core elements of democracyContestation ability of individual and groups to compete for political office, participation ability of large portion of country to be involved in selection process through votingHow do leader interest and option differ in democratic and non-democratic countries?Democratic leaders phase higher costs of war than non-democratic leaders, non-democratic-losing office is not pleasant, selective in staring wars (gamble)LectureIdentify and Contrast the two general approaches to conflict resolution contained in the United Nations charterPacific settlement-IGO remains neutral, promotes compromise, UN charter; Collective security, IGO takes side, promotes victory, UN CharterWhat is the difference between an alliance and a collective security organization?Alliances are pro-war, collective is compromisingWhat is the difference between balancing and bandwagon?Balancing no military advantage, roughly equal