Input / Output DevicesDifferent ways to communicateCopyright Poelman & Associates, Inc. 2005 (c)All Rights Reserved.User - Application Dialog The communication between user and systemHow?• How can a user communicate actions/information she requests that the application do?• How can the application communicate the results, information or confirmation of the actions?• How can the application communicate requests of the user to the user?Input DevicesWhat stimulus dimensions can we humans detect? (input to a human)• Consciously Controlled - State and Changes of State• Types of receptors– Chemoreceptors• used for smell and taste• sensitive to chemical substances• also monitor blood pH.– Mechanoreceptors• stimulated by mechanical forces• Baroreceptors in the aortic wall sense changes in blood pressure– Proprioceptors• sense the degree of muscle contraction• Tendon stretch • Movement of ligaments– Thermoreceptors• sense temperature changes• located in the skin and the hypothalamus– Pain receptors (nociceptors)• naked dendrites (nerve endings) that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues.– Photoreceptors• sensitive to light.What stimulus dimensions can we humans detect? (input to a human)• Visual (Sight)– Light Intensity (Visible Light)– Color (Visible Light)– Change over time (up to 60-100 changes per second in visual field)– 2D images– 3D images– 2D patterns and shapes (characters)– Movement– “on a clear, moonless night, the unaided human eye can detect the light from a single match up to 10 miles (16 kilometres) away. ”• Heat– Radiant Electromagnetic Radiation (infrared light) on the skin• Tactile (Touch – Skin, Tongue, Mucous Membranes, …)– Pressure– Movement Across Skin– Temperature Differences– Heat & Cold–Vibration –Pain– Electric Shock• Hearing (Ears and Cochlear Organs)– Approximately frequencies 20-20,000 hz– Simultaneous frequencies– Time varying frequencies– Position in a 3D sound field via time differences and acoustic effects like echo and reverb– Timbre – the qualities of the sound –trumpet vs. violin vs. xylophone– Sounds, Speech, Music & Noise• Proprioception– Unconsciously monitor the position of our body. – Depends on receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints. – Acceleration Detection• Taste (Tongue and Nasal Passages)– Sweet, Sourc, Bitter, Salty and Umami– Electric Shock•Smell– Humans can recognize over 10,000 scents• Institute for Sensory Research – Syracuse http://www.isr.syr.edu/somato.html• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mechanoreceptors.html•Taste http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.html• Smell http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/axel.htmlWhat stimuli can we output (generate) –how can we communicate outwardly?• Physical Pressure & Movement– Hands, Feet, Trunk, Head, Lips, Eyes• Sound– Noise, Clapping, Sound, Speech and Music/Singing, …• Position and Change in Position– Hands, Feet, Trunk, Head, Lips, Eyes• Breath Pressure & Length of Time• Heat (Body Heat)• Conscious output is muscularly mediated communications– Unless you use MRI or something more exoticInput (to a computer) Devicesand some Output DevicesBinary state - off to on, off to on• Devices– Standard PC Keyboard– Joystick (Switch based NOT positional)– Mouse Buttons– Touch Screen– TabletPC Screen (not pressure sensitive version)– Electrical Switch– Telephone Keypad• GUI representation– Command Buttons– Radio Buttons, Check Boxes– Buttcons, Exapand/Collapse Menus– Menu itemsPressure - Degree of “on-ness” • Devices– Touchsensitive MIDI Keyboard (with aftertouch )– Touch Screen– TabletPC Screen– Joystick (Positional with Auto Return)– EWI – Breath Controller – Guitar (Harder you strum / Louder it gets!)• GUI representation– Line Thickness– Volume– Slider– Spin Control– Color SelectorPosition – 2D• Devices– Mouse– Joystick (positional [x,y] NOT switch based)– Graphics Tablet– Touch Screen– Tablet PC Stylus on Screen• GUI representation– Slider–2D Picker–Scroll Bar– Caret and CursorLight (Electromagnetic Radiation)• Devices– Barcode Wand– Scanner–PC Display–Projector– Laser Printer– Printed Output–Web Cam– LCD/LED on a Telephone– RFID Reader– Iris Scanner• GUI representation– Any GUI component– Foreground & Background Color/Intensity– Color / Luminance Picker– Images, VideosSound•Devices– Microphone– Speakers– Oscilloscope– Ultrasound• GUI representation– Volume Slider– Visualization in MP3Important facts• It takes the equivalent time of three to eight keystrokes to switch between devices i.e. keyboard to mouse.• A good touch typist can type 100+ characters per minute. A bad 30 cpm. Ever try typing with a mouse?Keyboard• G (Good):– Text Data Entry–Fast typists– Accelerator Keys and Mnemonics• B (Bad):–Drawing– Selecting from many choices– Limiting choices entered as text (vs. say a set of checkboxes)KeyboardAlternative Keyboards / Input DevOther types of keyboardsMouse•G:– “Gesturing” – pointing, clicking, double clicking, drag and drop– Selecting a region or item– Arranging icons visually– Fastest device to orient on a target on screen according to research– Uses gross muscle movements of arm and wrist•B:– Drawing (fine motor skills)– Data entry of text– Purely Horizontal or vertical movements (like cascading menus!) – How many button is best? (1,2,3,4, …)– Source of repetitive strain injuriesTypes of mice/trackballs• Traditional desktop mice www.logitech.com• Motion sensing micewww.gyration.com• Logitech has more exotic stuff –Magellan 3D, Cyber Puck and 3D track ball• http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/Trackball•G:– Orienting– Avoiding inadvertent movement while button pressing– Small desktop space needed•B:– Of mouse, joystick and trackball - Worst for targeting– Drawing (fine motor)– Click and select motions (vs. a mouse)Joystick•G:– X,Y positioning– Fast, hand-eye coordinated movements– Small spaces– Absolute Position vs. Relative Modes•B:– Text Input– Fine Positioning• http://www.quadjoy.com/products.htmLogiCad 3D ScreenMan• Touch screen with dual 3D controllers on the sides• Each controller has 6 degrees of freedom –X,Y,Z and rotation•