Fig. 45-10Major endocrine glands:AdrenalglandsHypothalamusPineal glandPituitary glandThyroid glandParathyroid glandsPancreasKidneyOvariesTestesOrgans containingendocrine cells:ThymusHeartLiverStomachKidneySmallintestineFig. 45-3Water-solubleLipid-solubleSteroid:CortisolPolypeptide:InsulinAmine:EpinephrineAmine:Thyroxine0.8 nmFig. 45-12-1Homeostasis:Blood glucose level(about 90 mg/100 mL)InsulinBeta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood.STIMULUS:Blood glucose levelrises.Fig. 45-12-2Homeostasis:Blood glucose level(about 90 mg/100 mL)InsulinBeta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood.STIMULUS:Blood glucose levelrises.Liver takesup glucoseand stores itas glycogen.Blood glucoselevel declines.Body cellstake up moreglucose.Fig. 45-12-3Homeostasis:Blood glucose level(about 90 mg/100 mL)GlucagonSTIMULUS:Blood glucose levelfalls.Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon.Fig. 45-12-4Homeostasis:Blood glucose level(about 90 mg/100 mL)GlucagonSTIMULUS:Blood glucose levelfalls.Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon.Liver breaksdown glycogenand releasesglucose.Blood glucoselevel rises.Fig. 45-12-5Homeostasis:Blood glucose level(about 90 mg/100 mL)GlucagonSTIMULUS:Blood glucose levelfalls.Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon.Liver breaksdown glycogenand releasesglucose.Blood glucoselevel rises.STIMULUS:Blood glucose levelrises.Beta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood.Liver takesup glucoseand stores itas glycogen.Blood glucoselevel declines.Body cellstake up moreglucose.InsulinFig. 45-5-1NUCLEUSSignalreceptor(a) (b)TARGETCELLSignal receptorTransportproteinWater-solublehormoneFat-solublehormoneFig. 45-5-2SignalreceptorTARGETCELLSignal receptorTransportproteinWater-solublehormoneFat-solublehormoneGeneregulationCytoplasmicresponseGeneregulationCytoplasmicresponseOR(a)NUCLEUS(b)Fig. 45-6-1cAMPSecondmessengerAdenylylcyclaseG protein-coupledreceptorATPGTPG proteinEpinephrineFig. 11-7aSignaling-molecule binding siteSegment thatinteracts withG proteinsG protein-coupled receptorFig. 45-6-2cAMPSecondmessengerAdenylylcyclaseG protein-coupledreceptorATPGTPG proteinEpinephrineInhibition ofglycogen synthesisPromotion ofglycogen breakdownProteinkinase AFig. 45-7-1Hormone(estradiol)Hormone-receptorcomplexPlasmamembraneEstradiol(estrogen)receptorFig. 45-7-2Hormone(estradiol)Hormone-receptorcomplexPlasmamembraneEstradiol(estrogen)receptorDNAVitellogeninmRNAfor
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