GEOLOGY 1350 Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-10Lecture 7 (September 25)Clouds are outsideStructure of waterWater- hydrogen(water-2 (1 electron))2o-(oxygen heavier-1(lots of electrons)takes away hydrogen electron becomes negative) (no color) ; angle is important Molecules stay together due to the bonds of hydrogen with oxygen If there is pollution there is ions that come togetherWater is more important greenhouse gas most prominent is carbon dioxideWater has the highest heat capacity and surface tension (ants can walk on water)High albedo when snow(95%) and clouds(90%) are white Gas, liquid, iceHydrological cycle- water cycle (condensation, precipitation, run off etc.)Most of water in oceans (salt water)Atmosphere contains only 1 week supply of precipitationAbsolute humidity-just think of an air parcel mass (doesn’t change/volume (raising volume on surface will expand)Specific humidity- whatever inside balloon remains the same the size expandsMixing ration-mass of volume/mass of dry airVapor pressure e- the more gas the more pressure Saturation vapor pressure es- molecules going out and in; when the number is equal this is saturation (leaves wet surface)Sublimation-cold ice into gas (particles going up)More particles getting into the surface than out it is condensationMore particles getting out of the surface than in is evaporationBelow 0 degrees C we can have water and iceHigher energy in water than in ice; over ice only few saturation vapor pressure Dew point temp(morning before sunrise); when you see condensation (water on car, plants) when you cool the humidity - never higher than ambient temp, it can be equal or lower, more water vapor when there is a huge differentRelative humidity- relative percentage- decrease during the dayMore water vapor in dessert than international fallSpecific humidity vs. saturationMore water vapor in the tropics than in then poles, in the poles there are dry airQuite humid over the poles because the air in the poles can’t hold much water (20 degrees)Along the equator we got a tropical jungleHumidity variable- relative humidity 20% (little humidity) 40% 60% 80% 100%(lots of humidity)Would rh increase or decrease In the afternoon from the morning? Morning is cold with dew, warms up later in day __decreaseRelative humidity in afternoon___(vapor pressure morning 12 mb/saturated vapor pressure afternoon 42 mb)*100=28%Dew decreases throughout the day because evaporation comes inRelative humidity and comfort-in order to cool down body you have to sweat and water on bodyhas to evaporateHeat index and safety-if you can’t get rid of your humidity you cannot cool downSling psychrometer-2 thermometers, contains a wet bulb once it dry’s it will have the same temp as the other one, if both have the same temperatureHygrometer-hairsLecture 8 (September 30) Relatively humidity= 100%Grass starts growing from the sides not from the middle Dew- as air cools to its saturation vapor molecules slow down and form dew on ground surface (wet grass) happens at night or early morningIf below freezing it becomes frost (ice on grass)Cooling can occur first thing in the morning on the surface that won’t let see the dew or frost More chances of seeing dew or frost in con night conditionsWe need soil and vegetation for dew and frostHygroscopic particles- species with electrical charge (sulfuric, nitric acids) come from air pollution -Condensation rh<100%Hydrophobic-don’t like water, no electrical charges (oils, gas, waxes (made up of hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbon)(came from forest))) don’t mix with water- condensation at rh>100%Alcohol is a hydrocarbon that can mix with water Haze- dry,rh is low , bluish or yellowish color, protects themselves from ozone—wet haze rh is above 75% condensation begins on hygroscopic particles, ,white color, water droplets in airFog-rh 100% particles grow larger, formed through cooling or through water vapor source, visibility is less than 1km otherwise haze, carrier of pollutants (acids) impacts human beings, vegetation, important for water and nutrients (coastal deserts (atacama, namibia), mountain rain (orchids- live on trees get nutrients through air)Types of fogRadiation fog-cooling on ground occurs in night (terrestrial radiation) occurs in valleys and over water (no or low winds)Advection fog- warm moist air above cold surface that cools down to its dew point, often forms above ocean when warm ocean air is above cool waters (wind is needed)Evaporation fog-mixing warm unsaturated air with cool unsaturated Occurs during evaporation (lakes rivers during fall), steam fog is an exampleMost fog in west coast, (advection fog) San Francisco is full of fog, (radiation)fog around north and south Carolina due to humid valleysClouds-High-occur first, cirrus(crystals); cirrocumulus(waves); cirrostratus(circular), look that way due towinds exclusively made of ice no rain show there is humidity in air, Middle-just below the high clouds, just a little warmer, altostratus (boring), altocumulus (puffy structure), water and ice crystals no rain, may advance thunderstorms, association with warm frontsLow-stratus, stratocumulus (show signs of cold fronts), nimbostratus, water droplets, light rainvertical- most prominent is cumulus (do not produce rain just droplets), cumulonimbus most important cloud the thunderstorm cloud huge vertical cloud has water droplets and icemore members but these above are the big familiesspecial clouds- artificial clouds cirrus clouds come from airplanes contribute to the greenhouse effectgeostationary satellites- show a reflection of light and emission(depends on temp), provide regular coverage for a region, hang there in the same location always look at the same place on earth(disadvantage is far away from the surface)centripetal force(rotating going away)=gravitational force(rope)polar orbiting satellites-see diff parts of the world they can be low to the surface, goes from pole to pole, disadvantage is they have to wait till the earth makes a complete rotation till it sees the same place againsatellite observations of clouds-vis, ir (water vapor is shown here) the brighter the gray the more moist the air, computer enhanced (indicates the highest clouds)Lecture 9 (October 2) Air parcel-hypothetically balloon like bubble of air, some sort of density, temp and moisture are the same, ambient pressure decreases as goes up and expands and volume increases and vice versaAtmospheric environment- atmosphere around