Welcome to General Principles and Concepts of Biology!Today’s Goals…Next Time:II. MutationsPowerPoint PresentationSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Free radicalsAntioxidantsSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Work in groups of 2-3I. MutationsSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Welcome to General Principles and Concepts of Biology!BioSci 1010, Sec. 2ANNOUNCEMENTS:Mastering Assignment Due Wednesday @ 11:55pm“Genetically, he’s only 50% bad luck...”Today’s Goals…Readings: Chapter 7II. MutationsA. DefinitionB. CausesC. TypesD. Source of new genetic variantsE. Can you inherit cancer?Next Time:Readings: Chapter 7III. Inheritance of TraitsA. Sex: Producing diverse offspring1. Mutation2. Segregation & Independent assortment3. Random fertilization B. Mendelian genetics1. What is a gene?2. DominanceA. Mutation: changes to the sequence of nucleotides in a stretch of DNAATGTTCGTACAAGCTACGAGCATGCTCGII. MutationsATGAAAGCTCCTTCATCAAATGGAGTTTCTCCTAATCCTGTTGAAGGAGAAAGGAGAAATATAAACTCAGAGCTATGGCACGCTTGTGCTGGGCCATTGATTTCGTTGCCTCCAGCAGGAAGTCTTGTTGTTTACTTCCCTCAAGGTCACAGTGAGCAAGTCGCGGCTTCAATGCAGAAGCAGACTGATTTCATACCAAGTTACCCGAATCTTCCTTCCAAGCTCATATGCATGCTCCACAATGTTACACTGAATGCTGATCCTGAGACGGATGAGGTCTATGCGCAGATGACTCTTCAGCCAGTAAACAAATATGACAGAAATGCATTGCTTGCTTCTGACATGGGTCTTAAGCTAAACAGACAACCTAATGAATTTTTCTGCAAAACCCTCACGGCGAGTGACACAAGTACTCACGGTGGATTTTCTGTACCCCGACGAGCTGCTGAGAAAATCTTTCCTGCTCTGGATTTCTCGATGCAACCACCTTGTCAGGAGCTTGTTGCTAAGGATATTCATGACAACACATGGACTTTCAGACATATTCTACGAATTGTTCTTACGTTTTGGATATGTTGACATTTATCAGGTCAACCAAAAAGGCACTTGCTAACTACAGGCTGGAGTGTGTTTGTCAGCACGAAAAGGTTCTTTGCTGGAGATTCTGTTCTTTTTATAAGAGATGGAAAGGCGCAACTTCATGAAAGCTCCTTCATCAAATGGAGTTTCTCCTAATCCTGTTGAAGGAGAAAGGAGAAATATAAACTCAGAGCTATGGCACGCTTGTGCTGGGCCATTGATTTCGTTGCCTCCAGCAGGAAGTCTTGTTGTTTACTTCCCTCAAGGTCACAGTGAGCAAGTCGCGGCTTCAATGCAGAAGCAGACTGATTTCATACCAAGTTACCCGAATCTTCCTTCCAAGCTCATATGCATGCTCCACAATGTTACACTGAATGCTGATCCTGAGACGGATGAGGTCTATGCGCAGATGACTCTTCAGCCAGTAAACAAATATGACAGAAATGCATTGCTTGCATCTGACATGGGTCTTAAGCTAAACAGACAACCTAATGAATTTTTCTGCAAAACCCTCACGGCGAGTGACACAAGTACTCACGGTGGATTTTCTGTACCCCGACGAGCTGCTGAGAAAATCTTTCCTGCTCTGGATTTCTCGATGCAACCACCTTGTCAGGAGCTTGTTGCTAAGGATATTCATGACAACACATGGACTTTCAGACATATTCTACGAATTGTTCTTACGTTTTGGATATGTTGACATTTATCAGGTCAACCAAAAAGGCACTTGCTAACTACAGGCTGGAGTGTGTTTGTCAGCACGAAAAGGTTCTTTGCTGGAGATTCTGTTCTTTTTATAAGAGATGGAAAGGCGCAACTTCA. Mutation: changes to the DNA sequence… …that may result in the production of altered proteins. II. MutationsA. Mutation - change in the sequence of bases in DNA.B. Caused by:1. Free radicalsII. MutationsDiscuss what things are considered “bad” for your health. Think about:FoodsLifestyle choicesEnvironmental effectsMany of these “bad” things generate free radicals!1. Free radicals: an atom or molecule that has an incomplete valence shell (steal e- from the closest available molecule, like DNA).Free radicalsAntioxidantsProvide electrons to free radicals.A. Mutation - change in the sequence of bases in DNA.B. Caused by:1. Free radicals (smoking, pollution, diet)II. MutationsA. Mutation - change in the sequence of bases in DNA.B. Caused by:2. Non-ionizing radiation (ultra violet)II. MutationsA. Mutation - change in the sequence of bases in DNA.B. Caused by:3. Ionizing radiation (X-rays)II. MutationsATGTTCGTACAAGCC. Types of mutationsII. MutationsC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair substitutionII. MutationsATGATCGTACTAGCC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitutiona. Neutral i. Same a.a. sequence same protein functionii. No effect II. MutationsC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitutiona. Neutral (same a.a.)b. Missense i. Different a.a. sequenceii. Protein with different shape & function – bad!iii. Source of diseaseII. MutationsNon-functional protein: What does hemoglobin do?What is sickle cell disease?II. MutationsII. MutationsHydrophilic amino acid (Glu) replaced by hydrophobic one (Val) – protein folds into incorrect shapeII. MutationsHemoglobin fibers:- Cause RBCs to adopt elongated & pointy sickled shape-Lose elasticity-Cannot fit through capillaries-Inability to deliver oxygen-Tissue damageC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitutiona. Neutral (same a.a.)b. Missense (diff. a.a)c. Nonsense (STOP)II. MutationsC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitution2. Frameshift mutationsII. MutationsC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitution2. Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of DNA alters reading frameII. MutationsTHE CAT ATE HIS DOGHC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitution2. Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of DNA alters reading frameII. MutationsTHE CHA TAT EHI SDO GC. Types of mutations1. Base-pair subsitution2. Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of DNA alters reading frameII. MutationsWork in groups of 2-3U2 IC2Name 1 Student #1 Signature 1Name 2 Student #2 Signature 2Etc…Q: Are mutations always bad?Provide one specific reason/example from the video that mutations are:•Harmful•BeneficialKeep your card - turn it in at the end of the hour!I. Mutationshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVmusHZtQmsD. Rare instances of improved function1. Source of new versions of genes (alleles)2. Increase over time as result of natural selection.II. Mutationshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVmusHZtQms 14:30/17:35No effect Usually badSometimes goodAlways badII. MutationsCan cancer be inherited?E. Happens in:1. Gametes (egg and sperm) - inherited!II. MutationsE. Happens in:1. Gametes (egg and sperm) a. Inherited = passed on to future generationsb. Family histories of cancerII. MutationsEx: BRCA1/BRCA2 tumor suppressor proteins - repair damaged DNA- associated with breast & ovarian cancerII. MutationsIs cancer inherited? - Cells sometimes make >1 protein with the same functionChromosome 17Chromosome 13II. MutationsIs cancer inherited? - One might inherit a “healthy” gene and a mutated gene.Chromosome 17Chromosome 13Chromosome 17Chromosome 13II. MutationsIsn’t cancer inherited? - If the healthy gene is mutated too, can’t stop cancerous growth!E. Happens in:1. Gametes (egg and sperm)2. Somatic (body) cells - everything but egg and spermII. MutationsCan a person inherit skin cancer?E. Happens in:1. Gametes (egg and sperm)2. Somatic (body) cells - everything but egg and sperm a. NOT inheritedb. Can cause CANCERII.