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IUB PSY-P 101 - Hearing

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PSY-101 1st EditionLecture 11Outline of Last LectureI. Vision- What We SeeOutline of Current Lecture I. Hearing II. The Path of SoundIII. SmellIV. TasteV. The Body Senses Current LectureI. Hearing- Audition (technical term for hearing)a. From vibration to soundi. Sound waves are produced by the rhythmic vibration of air moleculesii. Auditory perception occurs when sound waves interact with the structures of the ear.iii. High-pitched loud sounds = high frequency, high amplitudeiv. Low- pitched soft sounds = low frequency, low amplitudev. Complex = high and low frequency, high and low amplitudeb. Vocab to know:i. Loudness- intensity or amplitude of a sound wave, measured in decibelsii. Amplitude- intensity or amount of energy of a waveiii. Decibel- unit of measurement for loudnessiv. Frequency- rate of vibration or number of waves per second, measured inhertzv. Pitch- relative highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wavevi. Timbre- distinctive quality of sound, determined by the complexity of the sound wave.II. The Path of Sounda. Outer Ear- collects sound waves, consists of pinna, ear canal, and eardrum (lympanic membrane- vibrations cause the membrane to vibrate up and down and the membrane makes contact with the hairs to fire neural impulses).b. Middle Ear- amplifies sound waves, consists of three small bones (hammer, anvil,and stirrup)c. Inner Ear- where sound is tranduced into neural impulses, consists of cochlea (fluid-filled structure containing basilar membrane and hair cells) and semicircular canals.d. Distinguishing Pitchi. Frequency Theory- basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave.ii. Place Theory- different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane.III. Smella. Sensory stimuli for odor are molecules in the airb. Molecules encounter millions of olfactory receptor cellsc. Odor receptors are specialized and respond to difference molecules of different chemical structuresd. Receptors then send neural impulses/messages to the brainIV. Tastea. Tongue is covered with little bumps and grooves lined with taste budsb. Each taste bud contains 50 receptors for 5 basic tastesc. Five basic tastes- aid us in seeking nutrient-rich foodi. Sweet- energy sourceii. Sour- potentially toxic acidiii. Salty- sodium iv. Bitter- avoid potential poisonsv. Umami (savoryness)- monosodium glutamate, proteins to rebuild cellsV. The Body Sensesa. Touch-pressure, warmth, cold, paini. Receptors in skin are sensitive to pressure, warmth, coldii. Pacinian corpuscle- located beneath the skin1. When stimulated by pressure, Pacinian corpuscle converts stimulation into a neural message.iii. Pain- pain recpetors are called nociceptors, produced by Substance P.1. A-delta fibers- fast pain system, sharp, intense, short-lived pain of immediate injury, produces a “get away” response.2. C fibers- smaller, unmyelinated slow pain system, longer-lasting throbbing, burning pain of injury, produces more of an emotional responseb. Proprioception- information about body positionc. Kinesthesis- position and movement of the parts of your bodyd. Vestibular sense- balance; sensing the orientation of your head/body in


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IUB PSY-P 101 - Hearing

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