POLS 110 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (September 7)Explain how the underlying ideals of American political culture impact the nature of politics in the United States with examples. American values: liberty, equality, capitalism, consent of the governed, individual, family, and community. Americans vote based on these values; vote for a party that supports the majority of their values. Lecture 4 (September 17)Explain the difference between the enumerated, reserved, and implied powers and give examples of each.Enumerated powers are also called the express powers, (Article I, Section 8). They are powers delegated to the national government. They have the power to coin money, declare war,conduct foreign relationsImplied powers: The Elastic Clause. Falls under the enumerated powers. The Elastic Clause (necessary and proper clause), is a clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for implied powers. Implied powers are powers of the national government that are not enumerated in the Constitution but that Congress claims are necessary and proper for the national government to fulfill its enumerated powers in accordance with the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution. Ex: It is necessary for the government to build mints in order to coin money, one of their enumerated powers. Reserved powers: the matters referred to in the Tenth Amendment over which states retain sovereignty. List is ambiguous and that is done on purpose. Conduct elections, regulate health and safety, public morals. All powers not specifically granted to the national governmentnor denied to the states. It’s the “catchall” amendment. Gives states the opportunity to create laws. Lecture 4-5 (September 17 and 22)Discuss how the Constitution sets the boundaries for federal-state interactions and interactions between states.Powers delegated to the national government: Enumerated powers and Implied powersPowers denied to the national government: Not a specific list; listed sporadically throughout theConstitution. Cannot: change state boundaries, make ex post facto laws, force potential politicalcandidates to pass any sort of religious test, violate Bill of RightsPowers delegated to states: List is more ambiguous; done on purpose. Reserved powersPowers denied to states: cannot sign treaties, cannot print money, must treat all contracts, judicial decisions, wills, etc. across state borders as legal. Powers shared by both: “Concurrent” powers. Establish courts, enforce laws, provide for the general welfare, impose and collect taxes, etc.Powers denied to both: Cannot grant titles of nobility, cannot deny the right to vote based on gender (19th amendment), cannot deny right to vote based on race, color (15th amendment).The Supremacy Clause: Article VI of Constitution- If national and state law come into conflict, the national law supersedes the state lawRelationships between the states: Full Faith and Credit Clause; citizens from other states must be given the same legal rights as citizens within the state (Article IV, Section 2); Governors have a moral obligation to send criminals to states in which the criminal in question is wanted (Extradition Clause); states allowed to settle disputes or create agreements between each other using “interstate compacts” with the okay of Congress. Lecture 5 (September 22)Explain the primary Constitutional issues in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland and explain the importance of the decision.Took place in 1819. It was the first big test of the Supreme Court. This case defines the relationship between the national and state governments. Re-affirms the notion of national supremacy over state law. The national government established a national banking system to regulate currency. Two issues to consider: Should the national government even be allowed to establish a national banking system?, and If the bank can be created, are the states allowed to tax the bank?Under Justice John Marshall the Supreme Court ruled: the creation of a national bank was an appropriate implementation of the elastic clause as a way to manage the flow of currency. The states could not tax the bank.Implications: First time national law was clearly declared superior to state law. Established the elastic clause as legitimate.Lecture 5-6 (September 22 and 24)Outline the major crises of federalism and explain their importanceFirst Crisis: McCulloch v MarylandSecond Crisis: Civil War; **Can states leave the Union?** Redefines federalism and the relationship between the national and state governments. It’s a question of who’s more powerful: States or national government? After Civil War, association of states shifts to that we are Americans, not Georgians, or New Yorkers; we are more than just a state.Third Crisis: The Great Depression; Economic chaos, states unable to address the issuesNew Deal: shifting of responsibilities, the national government funding of state efforts and states willingly gave up power to solve the crisis. Before Roosevelt, it was Dual Federalism. With FDR, became Cooperative Federalism.Lecture 6-7 (September 24 and 29)Discuss the differences between the various types of federalism and give examples of each. Dual Federalism: National and state government was 50/50; the relationship between the national and state governments, dominant between 1789 and 1932, whereby the 2 levels of government functioned independently of each other to address their distinct constitutional responsibilities.Cooperative federalism: not really cooperative; states did what national government asked because they had control of them and they were completely reliant on the national government. The relationship between the national and state governments whereby the 2 levels of government work together to address domestic matters reserved to the states, driven by the policy priorities of the states. Ex: Grants-in-aid (transfers of money from one level of government to another-part of New Deal)Centralized Federalism: “Great Society”; Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon; expanded federal influence in the 60s: Medicare, Medicaid, War on poverty (food stamps, etc.). High homeless rate of elderly goes down and going without medication is essentially gone due to the “Great Society”. The relationship between the national and