BIOM 151 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture - Chromosomes- Mitosiso Chromosome dynamico Cytoskeletal arraysOutline of Current Lecture - Genetics- Charles Darwin- Gregor Mendel- Thomas Hunt Morgan- Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase- DNACurrent Lecture- How does genetics influence you?o Survivalo Determines similarities and differences among specieso Exploit understanding of genetics every day Healthcare Crime investigations Agriculture/foodo Diseases and disorders Mental health affected by genetics- Genetics: insight to how biology workso Understand fundamentals of genetics Terms definitions story, concept Players process Exploit the fundamentals in an experiment Learn something new about biology- H-bonds evolution- Make double stranded RNA neutral dev’t- Alkylate DNA learning mutants mutant animals- Genetics: the science of heredityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o How are we alike/different from our parents?o What info is heritable?o How is it passed on?o How stable is this info?o Why and how does it vary?- Charles Darwin: evolution and heredity (1835)o Discovered each island had unique food and unique variations of beaks on birdso Adaptations of beaks correlation between beak and type of food available on islando Led to the idea of Evolution all finches diverged from a common ancestoro Theory of Natural Selection: didn’t know that unit = gene at this point1. There is variation of traits within a population of individuals that make up a species 2. Those traits are heritable3. Combo of units determines trait - Gregor Mendel (1861): founder of modern geneticso Looked at plants: height shape of leaf, color of flower, etc.o Rules of inheritance:1. Parents have 2 copies of a unit that determines trains2. Each parent contributes 1 unit to offspring3. Combo of units determines traito Gene: hold the info to build cells, organisms and allow them to function; they determine trains; inherited from parents (cells, organisms)o Genome: collection of genes that determine trains of the cell and the organism- Thomas Hunt Morgan links genes to chromosomes (1920s):o Flies have 4 pairs of chromosome, 1 pair determines sexo Flies normally have red eyeso Morgan bred flies and looked at traitso ID’d a mutant with white eyes, but only maleso Fly eye color (trait) linked to sex chromosomeo Chromosome: composed of DNA and protein, heredity material is the DNA- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s Phage Experimento Experiment used a type of virus that only infects bacteria-called a bacteriophageo Virus: a particle, NOT A CELL, that contains DNA and a prtein Just like a chromosomeo To produce, phage enters the bacteria to force the bacteria to make copies of thephage Phage gives bacteria some of its genetic material- Hershey-Chase phage experimento Radioactive sulfur in phage protein vs. phase DNAdiscovered heredity material is in the DNA and protein comes form DNA- Darwin to 1950s: DNAo Traits are inheritedo Parents pass genes of heredity to offspringo Genes on chromosomeso DNA is the genetic material of chromosomes - Nucleotide= DNA monomer Triphosphate group 5C pentose sugar= deoxyribose Nitrogen-containing baseo All DNA nucleotide have Tri and deoxy but base varieso 4 Nitrogen containing bases: Purines: A, G- Larger, made up of 2 rings Pyrimidines: T, C- Smallero Nucleotide is a monomer of DNAo DNA is a polymero Chain of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) form a strand1. Dehydration rxn between 3 hydroxyl group and 5 phosphate group links nucleotide2. This bond is covalent (strong) 3. Linked sugars and phosphates form a backbone of the DNA strand4. The bases are not directly attached to each other on a single
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