MIC 230 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Metabolisma. CatabolismII. Anabolism III. Nutrient ClassificationsIV. Nutrient RequirementsV. Growth Outline of Current Lecture VI. How cells get EVII. Enzymesa. Redox Reactionsb. Reduction potential towersc. Energy carriers and generation Current LectureI. How cells get E—Kilocalories, kilojoules (kJ)UnitsII. Energyability to do worka. Kinetic Ein motion/doing workb. Potential Ereadiness to do work/storagei. PE is stored in chemical bondsii. Break bonds to release E/do workIII. Enzymesdo the worka. Activation EE required to bring the substrate(s) to a reactive stateb. Activation E can be high enoughcan’t occur spontaneously c. Catalysts-Lower activation Ei. Increase reaction rate/or allow it to even happenii. Catalyst not permanently changed so can be used over and overd. Biological catalystsenzymesi. Highly specificii. ^ reaction rate by lowering activation E IV. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)a. Key to understanding most biological reactionsb. Reduction=gain/addition of e-c. Oxidation=loss of e-These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Write as half reactionsartificial don’t occur separately in natureE.G. H2  2e- + 2H+ (oxidation)(H2 is e- donor)H20  ½ O2 (reduction)(O2 is the e- acceptor) *Critical point here is to know the difference between donors and acceptors*e. Reduction potential tower measures the willingness to give up (donate) or accepte- (this is at the end of the handout…similar to figure 4.9 in text)i. Measured electricallyii. The more negative, the better it donates, the more positive, the better it accepts. iii. Electrons going up to their acceptor requires E while electrons going down, generates E iv. Amount of E made is proportional to the difference between the initial e- donor and the terminal (final) e-acceptor v. e- carriers DO NOT affect amount of E releases, but are important in trapping Evi. Terminal e- acceptorrelease to environment as wastef. Electron (e-) carriers i. Used over and over don’t keep e-ii. 2 classes 1. Soluble (freely diffusible)e.g. NAD+/NADH, FAD+/FADH2Either carry to donate e- to anabolism or carry e- to the 2nd class ofcarriers2. Membrane-bond carriersFound in cell membranee.g. cytochromes, quinonesNote some of there carry e- only or carry e- and H+g. Energy carriersi. High E compoundsATP~  High energy bondBreak to release ^energy ADP~PAcetyl CoA ~S bondii. Energized membrane ADP + Pi  ATP = Phosphorylation Energized membrane (due to oxidation) so oxidative phosphorylation Decrease energized membrane (Fig. 4.13 in text)V. Strategies for E generationa. Fermentation b. Respiration i. aerobicii. anaerobicc. Photosynthesisi. Oxygenicii. anoxygenicd. Catabolismi. Fermentation and Respiration 1. Break down many different chemicalsUsing glucose as an example2. Catabolism starts with oxidation ½ reaction (start breaking down chemical)glycolysis is this