HIS 104.01 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7- 14Lecture 7 (September 11)Where is Nubia located?South of EgyptWhat is the Ark of the Covenant?It has religious laws on it, is held in Ethiopia, monks have itWhat is the Egyptian influence on Nubia?Most of the written information about Nubia comes from Egypt, Egypt conquered NubiaWhat is a Meroe?Major iron works center, have own wiring (Meroetic script)What is the capital of Kush?NapataWhat was the agriculture of Nubia like?Their irrigation depended on the Nile river, had mixed farming (semi-nomadic pastoralists), vegetables, cereals (sorghum), animal husbandry, fishing, barley, lentilsWhat were the technological developments in Nubia?Stone works, fired bricks, mud-bricks, metal works (gold, silver, lances, arrow heads, hoe blades), pottery, textiles, woodworks, leatherworks (bags, sandals), basketryWhat were the social systems of Nubia?Absolute monarchy (political/religious authority), divine kingship, spiritual and secular power, specialist class of skilled craftsmen (traders, farmers, etc.)What are the 3 periods of Ethiopia divided into?Pre auximite (5BC-1AD)Auximite (1-10AD)Medieval-modern time (10- present)Where is Ethiopia located?In Northeast Africa in the Ethiopian highlands (1000-2300 meters)What are the 3 climate types in Ethiopia?Temperate: 61°, above 2400 metersSub-Tropical: 72°, 1800-2400 metersTropical: 79°, below 1800 metersWhen is the wet season and the dry season in Ethiopia?Wet season: June-SeptemberDry season: October-FebruaryWhat was the agriculture of Ethiopia like?Mixed farming- crops (wheat, barley, lentils, millet, sorghum, etc.), livestock, fishing, wild animals, periodic famineTef- cereal made into flower then bread, staple in EthiopiaWhat were the technological developments in Ethiopia?Impressive architecture- stelae (tall monuments, carved out of hills or mountains, higher than 30 meters, weigh 750 tons), Rock hewn churches, palaces, etc. Wall paintings, bronze and iron tools, coinageHow is the Ethiopian calendar different than ours in the United States?It has 13 months to a year, their new year is in SeptemberTheir days start at 7am What is ensete?False banana tree, smaller, root is edible, very nutritious, good source for foodWhat were the social systems in Ethiopia?Absolute monarch- circular/political power, divine, King Solomon (Queen of Sheba was one of his wives)Divine RulerQueen of Sheba- gave King one sonFunctional specialization- priests, scribes, craftsmen, jewelry, merchants trade across the red seaWhat is the significance of coffee in Ethiopia?Coffee originated in Ethiopia, oral tradition: town of Kafe, plant made goats hyper so humans tried it and began brewing the seedsWhat is chat?A plant, stimulant, chew leaves to get highLecture 8 (September 16)What is the location and size of the Senegambian region?It is between the river Senegal and river GambiaSize- 33,000 square kilometersHow many archaeological sites are in the Senegambian region?1,624 archaeological sitesHow many monuments are in the Senegambian region?16,320 monumentsWhat are Megaliths?Circles of large laterite blockers, each about 3 meters high8-25 stones in a circle, 10 meters in diameterQuarries with vicinity“Y” shapes stones (North-South axis)How many bodies were found in a single megalith circle?59 bodiesWhat are tumuli?Former habitation sites, abandoned then nature takes over and turns them into mounds, some are burial sitesLow earth mounds (3,396)¾ of the sites were burial sitesHow do archaeologists determine the age of the skeletons?Carbon dating, skull size, teeth, bonesDescribe some of the grave goods put in tombsItems in a grave for the afterlife, need items for their 2nd lifeIron lances, beads, copper bracelets, ceramicsWhat is ascribed status?Children have status of parents, buried with goods that reflect their parent’s statusWhat were other archaeological evidence found?Shell middens- garbage dumps of shells, over time accumulation occursIron slags- used iron, smelted iron to make toolsCopper alloys- comes from Northwest (Mauritania), had to be traded to getLeglets/ankletsWhat is the importance of Megaliths of Senegambia?1. Refutes the idea of Egypto-hamithic origin of complex2. Evidence of social stratification- grave goods, no centralized power/authority3. Evidence of trade and contact with different polities/communities Lecture 9 (September 18)What is Islam?The submission to God or AllahWho was Muhammad?An orphan in Mecca, lived with his uncle would was a trader and traveled around the Middle East, was a nice, young, faithful. Began seeing revelations/visions from God, God was revealing rules and behaviors to change bad ways and live righteous lives. He preached about what God told him, was ignored by the rulers until he began attracting followers. He became a threat to the authority by saying all the bad things they were doing, tried arresting him. He fled and returned with an army and conquered Mecca. - He was the last prophet- Prophets were sent down over the years to remind people to live good lives/don’t do bad things- 1st prophet- Moses- 6th prophet- Jesus ChristWhat is the Quran?It is the revelation of Allah- how his people should follow himRelations of Allah with mankindBook of law (marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc.)Regulating food habits- don’t drink, can’t eat porkWhy was Islam successful in Africa?Jihad- holy wars, conquestSimplicity of doctrine and worship- straight forwardTolerance of African traditions (polygamy, religions, etc.)Muslim clerics (mallams, marabouts, and scholars)Traders- only allowed to trade with other MuslimsRulers who become Muslims- ruler converted, became popular to convert, subject then convertedWhat was the impact of Islam on Africa?Political- unity among diverse communityMuslim administration, justice, taxation, standards, etc. - unified system of laws/regulationHajj- pilgrimage (contact with other Muslims)Challenged traditional authority, laws, religions, etc.Instability- challenged laws, original religions, Muslims fought some rulers and took overAfrican Islam- Africans adapted Islam to their needsWhat are the 5 pillars of Islam?1. Pray 5 times a day or more2. Give arms to the poor (be generous)3. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least 1 time in a lifetime4. Allah is your God and there are no other Gods5. During the month of Ramadan, must fast- can eat before sunrise, can’t eat until the