CJ 100 MWF 9-9:50 Lecture 15Outline of Current Lecture II. MMPIIII. Sociological TheorieIV. Broken Window TheoryV. Routine Activity TheoryVI. Anomie TheoryCurrent LectureMeasuring PersonalityPersonality tests or “personality inventories” aim to discover how criminals differ from non-criminalsThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)The MMPI-2 is a personality test if 567 true-false items to distinguish average people from those suffering from certain forms of psychopathology Pt III: Sociological Theories--Forces outside individual control causes crime--Think of sociological theories as pertaining to environment, group behavior, learning, society asa whole. Environmental Criminology--Concerned with crime as a whole--The central focus is on the opportunity to commit the crime--Most theories find explaining opportunity as secondary in terms of importance (because offenders are motivated to break the law on there own)--its easier to manipulate opportunities. So make opportunity for the potential criminal harder by alarm system, guns, locks, dogs etc. Broken Window TheoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.--Environmental criminology--Introduced in 1982 by James Q Wilson and George Kelling--Built on the model from the Chicago School and Social Disorganization Theory--If someone breaks a window and it stays broken for over a week, they will go into the house. Vandalism to burglary.--If the same people break a window and when they come back its fixed and there are neighborhood watch signs, the vandals will go to a different neighborhood. --Apathy vs Upkeep --Good evidence supporting the broken window theoryRoutine Activity Theory--Environmental criminology--Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson--People make choices, but they cannot choose the choices available to them--Three Important Elements are necessary for a crime to occur1.Motivated offenders-must come in contact with2.Suitable Targets- in the absence of3.Capable guardians. --Suitable targets and guardians are seen as the core dimensions of criminal opportunity--Must co-occur for the opportunity of crime to be present--Explains variation of crime by variations in the supply of suitable targets and capable guardians--Suitable targets = expensive lightweight merchandise. Capable guardians = police, loss prevention Theoretical implications--the supply of suitable targets and the presence of capable guardians are a function of our everyday or “routine activities”--As a result, crime rises in society because of changes in the normal way people live, not by the emergence of psychological or biological factorsAnomie Theory--focuses on explaining why some societies (like the US) have a higher crime rates than others--Robert Merton theorized the US places a relatively sting emphasis on the goal of monetary success--Weak emphasis on the legitimate norms for achieving this goal (like education and hard work)--individuals are more likely to pursue monetary success using whatever means are necessary (crime!)--Societies that fail to regulate goal seeking behavior are said to be characterized by a sate of “anomie” or