!Exam%#%2%Study%Guide%!!Consciousness!• Our!Ongoing!Awareness!of!Our!Thoughts!and!Feelings!!!Conscious!versus!Unconscious!Tasks!!• Difference:!require!conscious!attention!or!not!• Exp:!learning!to!drive!a!car!• Can!do!many!unconscious!(as!lo n g!a s !th e y!d o n ’t!in te rfe re )!!• More!than!one!conscious!is!hard!• Stroop!task!!!Why!does!stroop!effect!happen?!• Activation!of!the!names!of!words!happens!unconsciously!and!automatically!(without!intent)!!• Conflict!between!two!different!things!which!are!activated!!• Unconscious!processes!are!out!of!our!awareness!• Thus,!there!are!things!going!on!in!our!heads!that!we!don’t!know!are!there!!Freud!• Conscious:!!in!the!spotlight!of!awareness!• Preconscious:!can!be!easily!brought!into!awarenessà!but!you!weren’t!thinking!about!it!currently!• Unconscious:!banned!from!awareness.!Suppressedà! se x!!Subliminal!Priming!• Activating!thoughts!or!feelings!without!conscious!awareness!Bargh.!!Old!people!study!!à!people!who!had!primed!thoughts!of!the!elderly!walked!slower!to!the!elevator!!• Aggression!study!à!people!who!were!primed!with!aggression!acted!more!agressive!• Painting!preference!studyàpeople!would!unconsciously!agree!!with!the!leader!when!he!would!subtly!nod!his!head!!Function!of!Subliminal!Mind!!• Our!brains!have!more!to!do!than!CNS!mind!can!handle!– Subliminal!mind!picks!up!slack!• Subliminal!mind!as!pattern!detector!– Learn!card!game!study!– Poster!preference!studyà!people!who!used!instinct!liked!the!poster!for!a!longer!time!!Altered!States!of!Consciousness!• Sleeping!• Dreams!• Hypnosis!!!!!!!!!BIOM!121!!!!!1nd!Edition!! !• Meditation!• Drugs!and!Alcohol!!Falling!Asleep!• Thoughts!become!hazy!!• React!less!to!external!stimuli!• Muscles!relax!• Body!temp,!heart!rate,!and!blood!pressure!slowly!drop!• Level!of!serotonin!in!brain!increases!!!!Sleep!stages!and!brain!waves!• Awake:!!LowSvoltage,!highSfreq ue nc y!be ta!w ave s!!• Drowsy:!!Alpha!waves!prominent!• Stage!1!Sleep:!!Theta!waves!prominent!• Stage!2!Sleep:!!Sleep!spindles!and!mixed!EEG!activity!• Slow!wave!sleep!!(stage!3!an d!s tag e !4!sle ep )!Progressively!more!delta!waves!(stage!4!shown)!• REM!sleep!LowSvoltage,!highSfrequen cy!w av es !!Stage!One!• Hypongenic!sleepà!hypogenic!jerkS!waking!upS!feels!like!falling!!• Feel!a!gentle!falling!or!floating!• 5S10!minutes!• Won’t!think!you!were!asleep!if!awoken!!Stage!Two!• Minor!noises!won’t!wake!you,!but!still!relatively!easy!to!awaken!• 20!minutes!!!Stages!Three!and!Four!• Breathing!and!pulse!have!slowed!• Hard!to!awaken!• Deep!Sleep!• Slow!wave!sleep!!!Stage!5!• REM!(rapid!eye!movement)!sleepà!eyes!move!around!a!lot!!• Increase !in !h e a rt!r at e,!b lo o d!pressu re ,!o xy g en !c o n s u m ption!(sim ila r!t o !w a k ing!state)!• Heightened!cerebral!activity!• Muscle!paralysisà!we!don’t!move!around!in!REM!• Dreaming!à!most!intense!!• 20S40!minutes!in!early!night,!up!to!an!hour!later!! !• REM!sleep!throughout!the!life!span!1. people!sleep!less!and!less!with!age!2. REM!sleep!decreases!with!childhood!!3. REM!sleep!same!through!adulthood!!Normal!sleep!cycle!• Awake,!stage!1,!2,!3,!4,!3,!2,!REM!• REM!first!occurs!90!minutes!after!falling!asleep!• Naps!best!if!get!a!full!cylcle!!!Normal!Sleep!Cycle!• Later!through!the!night!=!more!rem!sleep!!!Why!do!we!Sleep?!• Restoration!function!• Adaptive!Process!• Facilitating!learning!!Restoration!Function!• Recover!from!work!done!when!animal!was!awake!• More!exercise!=!more!SWS!–!physical!restoration!!• Tired!if!deprived!of!SWS!• No!REM!=!anxious!and!irritable!• “REM!rebound”!–!REM:!mental!restoration!!• Psychosis!(long!term!deprivation)!!Sleep!as!Adaptive!• Save!energy!at!night!when!can’t!get!food!à!predators!sleep!a!lot!=!more!energy!!• Not!sleeping!a!lot!if!“hunted”à!prey!sleep!not!as!often!!Sleeping!disorders!• Sleep!apneaà!breathing!slows!down!too!much=!wakes!you !up!• Narcolepsyà!fall!too!ea sily!b /w !w ake !and !slee p !• REM!behavior!disorderà!don’t!get!muscle!paralysis!–!dangerous!b/c!they!act!out!dreams!!!Dreams!• What!Do!We!Dream!About?!• 64%!of!dreams!associated!with!sadness,!fear,!or!anger!– Aggressive!acts!outnumbered!friendly!acts!by!2:1!• 18%!of!dreams!were!happy!or!exciting!• 29%!of!dreams!were!in!color!!!What!Do!We!Dream!About?!• Being!naked!when!others!are!not!or!in!an!unusual!place!• Falling!! !• Loose!or!falling!teeth!• Taking!an!exam!(being!unprepared)!• Being!chase d !(b e in g!u n a b le!t o !m o v e!q u ic kly )!• Flying!• Lucid!Dreams!(realize!we!are!dreaming)!!!Why!do!we!dream?!!Freud’s!Interpretation!of!Dreams!• Freud!believed!that!dreams!expressed!wishes,!often!disguised!• Manifest!Content!– Conscious!dream!content!that!is!remembered!after!awakening!• Latent!Content!– The!unconscious,!uncensored!meaning!of!a!dream!• Believed!that!symbols!in!dreams!are!universal!• Dreams!are!the!key!to!the!unconscious!• Wrote!book!on!interpretation!of!dreams!!!!ActivationSsynthesis!hypothesis!• During!REM!sleep!there!are!random!bursts!of!nerve!cell!activity!• Dreams!are!the!way!the!mind!makes!sense!of!those!bursts.!!Tells!a!story.!• Explains!why!dreams!can!seem!so!random!!!Epiphenomenal!Memory!Theory!• Right!Brain!encodes!the!days!memories!during!REM!sleep!– Links!memories!to!old!ones!– Reestablishes!neural!pathways!• Left!brain!(language!center)!tries!to!make!sense!of!what!right!brain!doing.!!Tells!stories!• Stories!are!dreams!!Karni’s!experiment!• Participants!learned!a!new!skill!– 1/3!let!sleep!a!full!night!– 1/3!interrupted!REM!sleep!– 1/3!interrupted!SWS!• Tested!for!new!skill!in!morning!!ConsciousnessKAltering!Drugs!!Drugs!and!Dependence!• Psychoactive!Drug!– A!chemical!that!alters!perceptions,!thoughts,!moods,!or!behaviors!• Physical!Dependence!! !– A!physiological!addiction!in!which!more!of!drug!is!needed!to!prevent!symptoms!of!withdrawal!• Psychological!Dependence!– A!condition!in!which!drugs!are!needed!to!maintain!a!sense!of!wellSbeing!or!relief!from!negative!emotions.!– You!can!be!addicted!with!out!having!physical!dependence!!!!Classifying!drugs!!• Depressants!slow!down!activity!in!the!CNS.!!• Stimulants!speed!up!activity!in!the!CNS.!•
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