HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FORWORLD WAR II: THE HOME FRONT• Mobilization on the Home FrontThe Office of War Information (OWI)Economic Expansion• War WorkNew jobs, new workersUrbanization and migrationWomen in the workforce• Race, Ethnicity, and World War IIAfrican Americans and a growing civil rights movementJapanese American internmentMexican immigration and BracerosJewish immigrants and Jewish AmericansEthnic whites• Domestic legacies of World War IIOutline of Current Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FORTHE COLD WAR• The End of WWII & the Creation of the United Nations• The Cold War in the Truman YearsAmerican Capitalism vs. Soviet Communism & the Roots of the Cold WarThe Truman Doctrine: Containment & Economic AidThe Marshall Plan: Humanitarian Aid & Economic RecoveryNATO & the Soviet ResponseGlobal Cold War UnderwayWinning Over JapanNSC-68The Korean War• The Cold War in the Eisenhower YearsFrom Stalin to KhrushchevEisenhower’s Strategy: Diplomacy & Massive RetaliationJohn Foster Dulles, the CIA, and Proxy WarsIran & MorePeaceful Coexistence?Current Lecture1) The End of WWII & the Creation of the United Nationsa) US, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Great Britain, France, Chinab) 51 allied countries came together to create new organizationi) Dedicated to maintaining world peace and securityii) Solving world economic, political, and social problems through peaceful cooperation2) The Cold War in the Truman Yearsa) American Capitalism vs. Soviet Communism & the Roots of the Cold Wari) US declares itself leader of the free world(1) US saw capitalism and free market as best way to secure individual freedoms andprosperityii) Soviet Union proclaims itself as leader of communist nations(1) Wanted society to share riches equally(2) Great Purges- thousands executed, millions exiled into slave labor campsiii) Tensions coming into play(1) No free elections in countries where its sphere of influence reached(2) Thought they had paid enough by losing the greatest number of peopleiv) Iron Curtain(1) Separated east Europe and west soviet unionb) The Truman Doctrine: Containment & Economic Aid 1947i) Said US would provide any assistant to all democratic nations under stack from external or internal communist forcesii) Saying that the future of the free world was now America’s responsibility(1) Major turning point in us foreign policyiii) At same time, Truman was not ready to go to war for this American leadership positioniv) Containment was a non war approach(1) Keeping communism to certain areas and not allowing to expand(2) Told Soviet Union they would not tolerate expansion (3) First component of non militarized plan(4) 2nd: would provide supplies and materials to help keep communism outc) The Marshall Plan: Humanitarian Aid & Economic Recoveryi) Political motivated humanitarian aid programii) Western European countries were threatened by breakdown because they needed basic aid(1) Warned that unless US stepped in to stop this situation, all of Europe would fall(2) Wanted to help countries in west Europe to get back on feet so that communism wasn’t tempting(3) Revitalized western Europeiii) Created more tensions between US and SU(1) Stalin believed that US would buy off eastern European countries(a) Sponsored communist coup in Czechoslovakia (b) Blockades east Berlin(i) Truman sponsors Berlin airlift which brought supplies to citizens in east Berliniv) Drew link between political control and humanitarian aid(1) Meant to decrease support of communism governmentd) NATO & the Soviet Responsei) April 1949ii) Mutual defense agency between US and western European democracyiii) Stalin creates German Democratic Republic (east Germany)(1) Confirms separation of east Germany from the rest of Europeiv) 1949: USSR tests atomic bombv) 1950- US expands defense budgete) Global Cold War Underwayi) Winning Over Japan(1) 1945-1952- US forces occupy Japan(a) Provides aid and assistance to rebuild the country(i) Rebuilt in a way that would make them US allyii) Oct 1949- Mao Tse-tung forms the communist people’s republic of china(1) Now having to contain both USSR and Chinaiii) NSC-68(1) National Security Council (2) Soviet Union seeks to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the worldiv) The Korean War(1) When WWII ended, Korea was divided into 2 states(2) US controlled south, USSR north(a) USSR trains north army and invades south(b) Truman sends troops to stop(3) General MacArthur invades North Korea(a) Chinese and North Koreans oust Army(4) Divided Visions of Containment: Total War vs Limited War(a) Truman relieves MacArthur of duty due to differences in opinion on warf) Growing Militarizationi) H bomb created and tested3) The Cold War in the Eisenhower Yearsa) From Stalin to Khrushchevi) USSR tests H bombb) Eisenhower’s Strategy: Diplomacy & Massive Retaliationi) Reached out to soviet unionii) First conference between president and USSR leader since end of wariii) Also understood realities of the cold war(1) Hungarian Revolution(a) Anti communist-pro democracy revolution(b) Squashed by USSR and endsiv) Wanted to build up US nuclear weapon supply(1) Called this massive retaliation(a) With this, us would be able to deter war and keep it from happening(b) USSR would know that US could obliterate them with this mass arsenalv) Problems(1) Not flexible policy(a) If USSR invaded allies, and US couldn’t use bombs, it would be mutevi) Mutually Assured Destruction(1) Keep both sides in a stalemate(2) Lead to huge build up of nuclear weapons on both sidesc) John Foster Dulles (secretary of state), the CIA, and Proxy Warsi) Saw conflict as a conflict between good and evil(1) Us vs them (2) We did no wrong(3) They did no rightii) Committed to liberation of any people under communism rule(1) Eisenhower often ignored his adviceiii) CIA (Allen Dulles)(1) Proxy Wars(a) Making an example of someone else to scare enemy(2) Put down uprisings that were threats to American interest(a) Lead to some radical and questionable fightsiv) Iran & More(1) Oil trying to be nationalized(2) 1953- CIA planned, financed, and carried out Coup to overthrow Iranian Prime Minister(a) Backed it up by saying he was influenced by communist (3) First time in history that CIA had overthrew democratic democracy and replaced with autocratic monarch with US foreign policyd) Peaceful