Artificial IntelligenceCourse MechanicsToday’s LectureAI HypothesisWho is Intelligent?Questions to PonderReductionism: AI TopicsWhat is AI?Alan TuringActing humanly: The Turing testThinking humanly: Cognitive ScienceThinking rationally: Laws of ThoughtActing rationallyRational agentsAI PrehistorySlide 16AI HistoryHistorySlide 19State of the artCourse in a nutshellWhy SearchSlide 23Open vs Closed TasksArtificial IntelligenceComputational IntelligenceAlien Intelligence?Summer 2004Dennis KiblerCourse Mechanics•4 quizzes: each 15% of grade•2 coding assignment+3 handin homeworks•Lowest of these dropped + 40% of grade•Cheating = F in course•Lectures notes online – see my web page•Current notes and homeworks ok•Future notes/homeworks under revisionToday’s Lecture•Goal: what’s AI about anyway?•Read Chapter 1•A brief history•The state of the art•Three key ideas: –Search, Representation/Modeling, LearningAI HypothesisThe Brain is a ComputerWhat are the computational principles?How can we find them out?How will we know if we succeed?Analogy: Birds fly but we don’t build planes with feathers and flapping wings.Who is Intelligent?Questions to Ponder•How can you measure intelligence?•What capabilities would you expect for a robot servant?•Which is harder, playing chess or picking up egg?Reductionism: AI Topics•intelligent agents: step towards robots•search and game-playing•logical systems planning systems •uncertainty---probability and decision theory•learning language perception robotics philosophical issuesWhat is AI?•Thinking humanly •Thinking rationally •Acting humanly •Acting rationally •R&N vote for rationality (bounded)Alan Turing•Father of AI•Conversation Test•Chess•Math•Language• Machine Intelligence–1950Acting humanly: The Turing testTuring (1950) ``Computing machinery and intelligence'': ``Can machines think?'' ``Can machines behave intelligently?'' Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes (Loebner Prize)Suggested major components of AI: knowledge reasoning language understanding learningThinking humanly: Cognitive Science•1960s ``cognitive revolution'':• Information-processing psychology replaced behaviorism•Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain\al• -- What level of abstraction? ``Knowledge'' or ``circuits''?• -- How to validate? Requires • 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)• or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)•Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AIThinking rationally: Laws of Thought•Normative or prescriptive rather than descriptive•Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?•Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic•Boole thought he would stop war•Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI•Problems: •1) Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation•2) What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have? Goals?Acting rationally•Rational behavior: doing the right thing•The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement,•given the available information•Doesn't necessarily involve thinking---e.g., blinking reflex---but•thinking should be in the service of rational action•Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics):• Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some goodRational agents•An agent is an entity that perceives and acts•This course is about designing rational agents•Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:•For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance•Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable•So design best program for given machine resources.•Bounded RationalityAI Prehistory•Philosophy –logic, methods of reasoning–mind as physical system–foundations of learning, language, rationality•Mathematics –formal representation and proof–algorithms–computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability–probability–operations research•Psychology –Adaptation–phenomena of perception and motor control–experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.)•Linguistics–knowledge representation–grammar•Neuroscience–physical substrate for mental activity•Control theory–homeostatic systems, stability–simple optimal agent designsAI History•1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain•1950 Turing's ``Computing Machinery and Intelligence''•1952--69 Look, Ma, no hands! •1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program,• Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,• Gelernter's Geometry Engine•1956 Dartmouth meeting: ``Artificial Intelligence'' adoptedHistory•1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning•1966--74 AI discovers computational complexity• Neural network research almost disappears•1969--79 Early development of knowledge-based systems•1980--88 Expert systems industry boomsHistory•1988--93 Expert systems industry busts: ``AI Winter''•1985--95 Neural networks return to popularity–Discovery of BackPropagation•1988-- Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods• Turn towards MathematicsState of the art•Which of the following can be done at present?• Play a decent game of table tennis • Drive along a curving mountain road • Drive in the center of Cairo • Play a decent game of bridge • Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem • Write an intentionally funny story • Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law• Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real timeCourse in a nutshell•Problem Solving –State-space Representation plus Search•Deductive Reasoning–Logical representation plus search•Reasoning with Uncertainty–Probabilistic Models plus search•Learning–Many models plus searchWhy Search•NLP: search grammar•Game Playing: search alternatives•Speech Understanding: search phoneme combinations•Learning: search models to explain data•Theorem Proving: search axioms/theorems•Diagnosis:
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