Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Higher-Order ConditioningAcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous Recovery [Return of the CR]Generalization and DiscriminationJohn B. Watson: Playing with FearSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21 classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive learningLearning: acquiring new information or behaviors Allows us to be adaptive to changing environmentsCan be long lasting: You learn to eat when you are hungry Can be short lived: A new jogging route during unexpected constructionStimuli are associated when they occur with each otherExamples: Words and objects - dog chihuahuacomponents of activities – pencil paperbehaviors - raising hand speakcontexts and behaviors - movies popcornLearning involves linking things together, acquiring patternsClassical conditioning: associating stimuli together and anticipate an event (foundation for behaviorism)First to empirically test classical conditioning: Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) A physician interested in digestion, he noticed something about how his research dogs salivatedPavlov’s observations:Dogs were salivating in anticipation of the food in the mouths. They salivated with just seeing the food seeing the dish seeing the person who brought the food hearing the footsteps of that personAll dogs salivate when food is placed in their mouthsCan a dog learn to anticipate food (and salivate) given a bell?ExperimentUnconditioned response (UCR): dog salivates Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): Yummy dog food Before Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and response (UCR): a stimulus which triggers a responseBefore ConditioningNo consistent responseNeutral stimulus (NS) Neutral stimulus: a stimulus which does not trigger a responseDuring Conditioning (acquisition)The bell/tone (N.S.) is repeatedly presented with the food (U.S.) NS + US leads URAfter ConditioningThe dog begins to salivate upon hearing the tone. Conditioned stimulus (CS) and response (CR): a stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a response that is the same as UCRConditioned response:dog salivatesConditioned stimulusThe UCR and the CR are the same response, Triggered by different events.The NS and the CS are the same stimulus. After ConditioningNeutral stimulus?That was easyUnconditioned stimulus?shootingUnconditioned response?Reaction of the one been shooted (wincing) turning a NS into a CS by associating it with another CSA dog can be conditioned to salivate when a light flashes by associating it with the BELLHigher-Order ConditioningThe door to your house squeaks loudly when you open it. Soon, your dog begins wagging its tail when the door squeaksAcquisitionWhat gets “acquired”? The association between a neutral stimulus (NS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS)How can we tell that acquisition has occurred?  The UCR now gets triggered by a CS13Timing The neutral stimulus (NS) needs to repeatedly/consistently appear before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)… about a half-second before, almost cases.Acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning-conditioningExtinctionExtinction refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response. The opposite of acquisitionBells without food  no salivationAcquisition NS + USExtinction CS aloneSpontaneous Recovery [Return of the CR]After extinction, following a rest period, presenting CS alone might lead to a spontaneous recovery (a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further conditioning).Generalization and DiscriminationGeneralization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related or similar to the conditioned stimuli.Discrimination refers to the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuliJohn B. Watson: Playing with FearIn 1920, 9-month-old Little Albert was not afraid of rats.John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner then clanged a steel bar every time a rat was presented to Albert. Albert acquired a fear of rats, and generalized this fear to other soft and furry things.Watson prided himself in his ability to shape people’s emotions.Before ConditioningLittle Albert ExperimentDuring ConditioningLittle Albert ExperimentAfter ConditioningLittle Albert ExperimentFind the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR in the following:Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy. UCS & CRThe nurse says, “This won’t hurt a bit,” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt,” you cringe in fear. NS- CS & CRYou have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseated. NS -