Sensory Memory → Short Term MemorySlide 2Working Memory: ComponentsConrad, 1964What did Conrad Find?Visuospatial SketchpadShepherd & Metzler (1971)Slide 8What’s the capacity of short term memory?Duration of Short-Term Memory (STM)Encoding: Effortful Processing StrategiesEffortful Processing Strategies ChunkingMnemonicsRehearsal and Distributed PracticeDeep/Semantic ProcessingSlide 16Serial Position Function in Free RecallRecency Component – STMPrimacy Component – LTMDouble dissociationShort-Term (Working) MemorySensory Memory → Short Term Memory•We don’t have conscious control over our sensory memory •Information to which we’re attending is moved intoShort-Term MemoryOr, more accurately:working memory.Working Memory: ComponentsThe short-term memory is “working” in many ways. •“Remember this numbers 9 81 1 3 7”•What are you doing?– Repeating them–Auditory Rehearsal preents memory decayAuditory rehearsalExecutive functionsVisospatial “sketchpad”Repeating password to memorize itChoosing what to attend, respond toRearranging room furniture in your mind Windows in a houseConrad, 1964•Try and memorize letters•Flashed a set of letters pretty quickly, one after another.•Then, the subjects read aloud a series of rapidly presented digits.What did Conrad Find?•Answers: •When an error occurs, the subject is most likely to replace a letter with one that sounds like the one that they missed •“P” or “D” instead of “T”•Information is ENCODED into auditory process in short term memory.Visuospatial Sketchpad•“A system especially well adapted to the storage of spatial information, much as a pad of paper might be used to work out a geometric puzzle.” – Baddely•Enables us to:– Remember images –Plan routes, spatial taks–Visual imaginationShepherd & Metzler (1971)Is “A” identical to “B”?ABSensory MemoryExecutive FunctionAuditoryVisuospatial SketchpadRehearsalLong-Term MemoryEncodingRetrievalWorking Memory ModelRapid decay of unnantended informationLimited capacity forgetting through interferenceUnrehearsed information is forgotten by interferenceWhat’s the capacity of short term memory?George Miller (b. 1920) proposed 7 +/- 2 information bitsMore recent research suggests that the average person, free from distraction, can hold about: 7 digits, 6 letters or 5 wordsTest: –V M 3 C A Q 9 L DDuration of Short-Term Memory (STM)Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson wanted to know the duration of short term memory? Their experiment (1959):1.People were given triplets of consonants (“VMF”)2.To prevent rehearsing, the subjects had to do a distracting task 3.People were then tested at various times for recall.Result: After 12 seconds, most memory of the consonants had decayed and could not be retrieved.Encoding:Effortful Processing Strategieseffortful processing strategy, a way to encode information into memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieveEffortful Processing StrategiesChunkingChunking: organizing data into managable units•Chunking works even better if we can assemble information into meaningful groups.•FBI compared to IBFMnemonicsEffortful Processing StrategiesA mnemonic is a memory “trick” that connects information to existing memory strengths such as imagery or structureRehearsal and Distributed PracticeThe spacing effect was first noted by Hermann Ebbinghaus in the late 1800s. You will develop better retention and recall, especially in the long run, if you use the same amount of study time spread out over many shorter sessions.The best way to practice? Consider the testing effect by Henry Roediger. (Having to answer questions about the material)Effortful Processing StrategiesMassed Practice refers to cramming information all at once. It is not time-effective.When encoding information, we are more likely to retain it if we deeply process even a simple word list by focusing on the semantics (meaning) of the words.“Shallow,” unsuccessful processing refers to memorizing the appearance or sounds of words. Deep/Semantic ProcessingEffortful Processing StrategiesWe can memorize a set of instructions more easily if we figure out what they mean rather than seeing them as set of words. Memorizing meaningful material takes one tenth the effort of memorizing nonsense syllables.The self-reference effect, relating material to ourselves, aids encoding and retention.Making Information Personally MeaningfulEffortful Processing StrategiesSerial Position Function in Free RecallPrimary EffectRecency EffectRecency Component – STMFilled delay:Primacy Component – LTMRate of presentation:Double dissociationShort-Term (Working) Memory•conscious memory for the remote portion of the present •ability to keep information active in mind over a
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