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IUB PSY-P 101 - Lecture23_student

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Slide 1Synaptic ChangesMultiple Memory SystemsTypes of long-term memoryEpisodic Memory: Long-Term Memory for EventsNon-conscious Forms of Memory: Skill-Learning and ConditioningCategorizing LT MemoriesSlide 8Priming: Retrieval is Affected by Activating our AssociationsThe Power of PrimingMemory Storage: Capacity and LocationExplicit Memory ProcessingSlide 13Infantile AmnesiaEmotions and MemoryEmotions, Stress Hormones, the Amygdala, and MemoryLong Term MemoryWhat is knowledge?Synaptic ChangesWhen we form memories, their neurons release neurotransmitters to other neurons across the synapses,The junction between neurons.With repetition, the synapses undergo long-term potentiation; signals are sent across the synapse more efficientlly.Chemicals and shocks that prevent long-term potentiation (LTP) can prevent learning and even erase recent learning.Preventing LTP keeps new memories from consolidating into long-term memories.Multiple Memory SystemsSquire (1995)LONG-TERM MEMORY SHORT-TERM MEMORYDeclarative / ExplicitNon-declarative / ImplicitEventsFacts Skill learning Conditioning PrimingTypes of long-term memoryEpisodic•Memory of a particular event or episode that happened to you personally –Autobiographical; memories indexed to a specific time and place Semantic•Knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little/no reference to one’s personal experiences– General world knowledge (e.g. “dogs are mammals and can be kept as pets”).Procedural• Knowledge about how to do things–Includes athletic skills, everyday skills such as bike riding, shoe tying, how to bake a cake.Episodic Memory: Long-Term Memory for Events•remembering where (place) and when (time) a past event happened •Remembering details of a past event Conscious memory of personal experiences or life episodesNon-conscious Forms of Memory: Skill-Learning and Conditioning• riding a bike or snowboarding• fear of dogs after having been bittenCategorizing LT Memories•Was it an event or episode? Can you remember the context of the memory?– Episodic•Is it a fact that you could state clearly? Can you not remember where you learned it?– Semantic•Is it something that you know how to do, but can’t necessarily put into words?– ProceduralHenry Molaison (H.M.)1942 first major seizure (age 16)1953 bilateral medial-temporal lobe resection (hippocampus & nearby structures)1955 first published report of pervasive and profound anterograde amnesia1962 neuropsychological examinations characterizing the amnesic syndromeThe Centrality of Episodic Memory:H.M. and the Amnesic SyndromePriming:Retrieval is Affected by Activating our Associations Priming triggers a thread of associations that bring us to a concept.Our minds work by having one idea trigger another; this maintains a flow of thought.Study: People primed with money-related words were less likely to then help another personStudy: people primed with a missing child poster then misinterpreted ambiguous adult-childhood interactions as kidnapping. The Power of PrimingPriming has been called “invisible memory” because it affect us unconcoiuslyWe may have biases and associations stored in memory that also influence our choices Study: Priming with an image of Santa Claus led kids to share more candy.Memory Storage:Capacity and LocationThe brain is NOT like a hard drive. Memories are NOT in isolated files, but are in overlapping, neutral networksThe brain’s long-term memory storage does not get full; it gets more elaborately rewired and interconnectedParts of each memory can be distributed throughout the brain. Memory of a particular ‘kitchen table’ may be a linkage among networks for ‘kitchen,’ ‘meal,’ ‘wooden,’ ‘home,’ ‘legs,’ and ‘sit.’Karl Lashley (1890-1958) showed that rats who had learned a maze retained parts of that memory, even whenExplicit Memory ProcessingRetrieval and use of explicit memories, which is in part a working memory or executive function, is directed by frontal lobes.Encoding and storage of explicit memories is facilitated by the hippocampus. Events and facts are held there for a couple of days before consolidating, moving to other parts of the brain for long-term storage. Much of this consolidation occurs during sleep Explicit/declarative memories include facts, stories, and meanings of wordsThe Brain Stores Reactions and SkillsImplicit Memory Processing Implicit memories include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations The cerebellum (“little brain”) forms and stores our conditioned responses.The basal ganglia, next to the thalamus, controls movement, and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills.Infantile AmnesiaImplicit memory from infancy can be retained. However, explicit memories only goes back to about age 3 for most people. This nearly 3-year “blank” in our memories has been called infantile amnesia.Explanation? •Encoding: the memories were not stored well because the hippocampus is one of the last brain areas to develop.•Forgetting/retrieval: the adult mind thinks more in a linear verbal narrative and has trouble accessing preverbal memories as declarative memoriesEmotions and MemoryStrong emotions, especially stress, can strengthen memory formation  Flashbulb memories refer to emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid-seeming memory.Note that flashbulb memories are not as accurate as they feel.Emotions, Stress Hormones, the Amygdala, and MemoryHow does intense emotion cause the brain to form intense memories?1.Emotions can trigger a rise in stress hormones. 2.These hormones trigger activity in the amygdala, located next to the hippocampus.3.The amygdala increases memory-forming activity and engages the frontal lobes and basal ganglia to tag the memories as important. As a result, the memories are stored with more sensory and emotional details. These details can trigger a rapid, unintended recall of the memory.Traumatized people can have intrusive recall that is so vivid that it feels like re-experiencing the


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